Metastable thermal donor states in germanium: Identification by electron paramagnetic resonance

H. H. P. Th. Bekman; T. Gregorkiewicz; I. F. A. Hidayat; C. A. J. Ammerlaan; P. Clauws

doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.42.9802

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Metastable thermal donor states in germanium: Identification by electron paramagnetic resonance

H. H. P. Th. Bekman, T. Gregorkiewicz, I. F. A. Hidayat, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan

P. Clauws

Natuurkundig Laboratorium, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Valckenierstraat 65, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Laboratorium voor Kristallografie en Studie van de Vaste Stof, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281-S1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium

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Phys. Rev. B 42, 9802 – Published 1 December, 1990

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.42.9802

Abstract

One of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra related to thermal donors in germanium (‘‘spectrum 1’’) has been studied in detail. The mutual identification of spectrum 1 and the F series of far-infrared (ir) donor energy levels has been established following observation of the effect of 100% bistability of that particular thermal-donor species. To our knowledge this is the first time that the bistability of the thermal-donor center has been observed in EPR. It has been further established that for the full description of spectrum 1 a higher spin value S=1 was necessary and the spin Hamiltonian had to be supplemented with an unusual higher-order term of the form $B^{2}$ $S^{2}$ .

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[c1] G. Elliot, Nature (London) 180, 1350 (1957).

[c2] J. Bloem, C. Haas and P. Penning, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 12, 22 (1959).

[c3] C. S. Fuller, J. A. Ditzenberger, N. B. Hannay and E. Buehler, Phys. Rev. 96, 833 (1954).

[c4] C. S. Fuller, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 19, 18 (1961).

[c5] C. S. Fuller and R. A. Logan, J. Appl. Phys. 28, 1427 (1957).

[c6] C. S. Fuller, W. Kaiser and C. D. Thurmond, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 17, 301 (1961).

[c7] W. Kaiser, H. L. Frisch and H. Reiss, Phys. Rev. 112, 1546 (1958).

[c8] P. Clauws, J. Broeckx, E. Simoen and J. Vennik, Solid State Commun. 44, 1011 (1982).

[c9] B. Pajot, H. Compain, J. Lerouille, and B. Clerjaud, Physica B+C 117&118B, 110 (1983).

[c10] P. Clauws and J. Vennik, Phys. Rev. B 30, 4837 (1984).

[c11] D. Wruck and P. Gaworzewski, Phys. Status Solidi A 56, 557 (1979).

[c12] P. Clauws and J. Vennik, Mater. Sci. Forum 10-12, 941 (1986).

[c13] P. Wagner, in Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Crystalline Silicon, edited by J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., S. J. Pearton, J. W. Corbett, and S. J. Pennycook (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1986), p. 125.

[c14] V. V. Litvinov, G. V. Pal'chik and V. I. Urenev, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 19, 1366 (1985) [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 19, 841 (1985)].

[c15] P. Clauws and J. Vennik, Mater. Sci. Forum 38-41, 473 (1989).

[c16] L. F. Makarenko, V. P. Markevich and L. I. Murin, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 19, 1935 (1985) [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 19, 1192 (1985)].

[c17] P. Wagner and J. Hage, Appl. Phys. A 49, 123 (1989).

[c18] U. Gösele, K.-Y. Ahn, B. P. R. Marioton, T. Y. Tan and S.-T. Lee, Appl. Phys. A 48, 219 (1989).

[c19] J. W. Corbett, R. S. McDonald and G. D. Watkins, J. Phys. Chem. Solids "25", 873 (1964).

[c20] C. S. LaPorta, J. C. Kimball, J. T. Borenstein and J. W. Corbett, J. Phys. C 19, L627 (1986).

[c21] S. H. Muller, M. Sprenger, E. G. Sieverts, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan, Solid State Commun. 25, 987 (1978).

[c22] S. H. Muller, E. G. Sieverts, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Radiation Effects in Semiconductors, Nice, 1978, Institute of Physics Conf. Ser. No. 46, edited by J. H. Albany (IOP, London, 1979), p. 297.

[c23] J. Michel, J. R. Niklas, J.-M. Spaeth and C. Weinert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 611 (1986).

[c24] J. Michel, J. R. Niklas, and J.-M. Spaeth, in Defects in Electronic Materials, edited by M. Stavola, S. J. Pearton, and G. Davies (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1988), p. 185.

[c25] H. H. P. Th. Bekman, T. Gregorkiewicz, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan, Phys. Rev. B 39, 1648 (1989).

[c26] T. Gregorkiewicz, H. H. P. Th. Bekman, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan, Phys. Rev. B 38, 3998 (1988).

[c27] F. Callens, P. Clauws, P. Matthys, E. Boesman and J. Vennik, Phys. Rev. B 39, 11175 (1989).

[c28] G. W. Ludwig and H. H. Woodbury, Solid State Phys. 13, 223 (1962).

[c29] E. S. Sabisky, J. Chem. Phys. 41, 892 (1964).

[c30] K. Bergman, G. Grossmann, H. G. Grimmeiss and M. Stavola, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2827 (1986).

[c31] K. Bergman, G. Grossmann, H. G. Grimmeiss, M. Stavola, C. Holm and P. Wagner, Phys. Rev. B 37, 10738 (1988).

[c32] R. E. Peale, K. Muro, A. J. Sievers and F. S. Ham, Phys. Rev. B 37, 10829 (1988).

[c33] T. Gregorkiewicz, H. H. P. Th. Bekman, and C. A. J. Ammerlaan, Phys. Rev. B 41, 12628 (1990).

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Metastable thermal donor states in germanium: Identification by electron paramagnetic resonance

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