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Theory of quasiparticle generation by microwave drives in superconducting qubits

Shoumik Chowdhury1,2,*, Max Hays1,†, Shantanu R. Jha1,2, Kyle Serniak1,3, Terry P. Orlando1,2, Jeffrey A. Grover1, and William D. Oliver1,2,4,‡

  • *Contact author: shoumikc@mit.edu
  • †Contact author: maxhays@mit.edu
  • ‡Contact author: william.oliver@mit.edu
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Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 014042 – Published 16 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xpxb-d9xd

Abstract

Microwave drives play a central role in the control of superconducting quantum circuits, enabling qubit gates, readout, and parametric interactions. As the drive frequencies are typically an order of magnitude smaller than (twice) the superconducting gap, it is generally assumed that such drives do not disturb the BCS ground state. However, sufficiently strong drives can activate multiphoton pair-breaking processes that generate quasiparticles (QPs) and result in qubit errors. In this work, we present a theoretical framework for calculating the rates of multiphoton-assisted pair-breaking transitions induced by charge- or flux-coupled microwave drives. Through illustrative examples, we show that photon-assisted QP generation may affect novel high-frequency dispersive readout architectures, as well as Floquet-engineered superconducting circuits operating under strong driving.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 014042– Published 16 January, 2026
  • Received 12 May 2025
  • Revised 13 July 2025
  • Accepted 3 November 2025
Article part of CHORUS
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