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Bubble Proliferation or Dissolution of Cavitation Nuclei in the Beam Path of a Shock-Wave Lithotripter

Spencer Frank1, Jaclyn Lautz2, Georgy N. Sankin2,*, Andrew J. Szeri1,†, and Pei Zhong2,‡

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 2Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA

  • *Corresponding author. georgy.sankin@duke.edu
  • †aszeri@berkeley.edu
  • ‡pzhong@duke.edu
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Phys. Rev. Applied 3, 034002 – Published 3 March, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.034002

Abstract

It is hypothesized that the decreased treatment efficiency in contemporary shock-wave lithotripters is related to tensile wave attenuation due to cavitation in the prefocal beam path. Utilizing high-speed imaging of the beam path and focal pressure waveform measurements, tensile attenuation is associated with bubble proliferation. By systematically testing different combinations of pulse-repetition frequency and gas concentration, we modulate the bubble-dissolution time to identify which conditions lead to bubble proliferation and show that reducing bubble proliferation in the beam path significantly improves acoustic transmission and stone comminution efficiency in vitro. In addition to experiments, a bubble-proliferation model is developed that takes gas diffusion across the bubble wall and bubble fragmentation into account. By aligning the model with experimental observations, the number of daughter bubbles produced after a single lithotripter bubble collapse is estimated to be in the range of 253∼510. This finding is on the same order of magnitude with previous measurements of an isolated bubble collapse in a lithotripter field by Pishchalnikov, McAteer, and Williams [BJU Int. 102, 1681 (2008)], and this estimate improves the general understanding of lithotripsy bubble dynamics in the beam path.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 3, 034002– Published 3 March, 2015
  • Received 13 March 2014
Article part of CHORUS

© 2015 American Physical Society

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