- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Applied

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access
  • Access by Xinjiang University

System characterization of dispersive readout in superconducting qubits

Daniel Sank*, Alex Opremcak, Andreas Bengtsson, Mostafa Khezri, Jimmy Chen, Ofer Naaman, and Alexander Korotkov

  • *Contact author: sank.daniel@gmail.com
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 23, 024055 – Published 21 February, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.024055

Abstract

Designing quantum systems with the measurement speed and accuracy needed for quantum error correction using superconducting qubits requires iterative design and testing informed by accurate models and characterization tools. We introduce a single protocol, with few prerequisite calibrations, to measure the dispersive shift, resonator linewidth, and drive power used in the dispersive readout of superconducting qubits. We find that the resonator linewidth is poorly controlled, with a factor of 2 variation between the maximum and minimum measured values, and this variation is likely to require focused attention in future quantum error correction experiments. We also introduce a protocol for measuring the efficiency of the readout system using the same power levels as are used in typical qubit readout, and without the need to measure the qubit dephasing. We routinely run these protocols on chips with tens of qubits to a hundred qubits, driven by automation software with little human interaction. Using the extracted system parameters, we find that a model based on these parameters predicts the readout signal-to-noise ratio to within 10% over a device with 54 qubits.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (36)

  1. F. Arute, K. Arya, R. Babbush, D. Bacon, J. C. Bardin, R. Barends, R. Biswas, S. Boixo, F. G. Brandao, D. A. Buell, et al., Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, Nature 574, 505 (2019).
  2. Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit, Nature 614, 676 (2023).
  3. S. Krinner, N. Lacroix, A. Remm, A. Di Paolo, E. Genois, C. Leroux, C. Hellings, S. Lazar, F. Swiadek, J. Herrmann, et al., Realizing repeated quantum error correction in a distance-three surface code, Nature 605, 669 (2022).
  4. A. Bengtsson, A. Opremcak, M. Khezri, D. Sank, A. Bourassa, K. J. Satzinger, S. Hong, C. Erickson, B. J. Lester, K. C. Miao, A. N. Korotkov, J. Kelly, Z. Chen, and P. V. Klimov, Model-based optimization of superconducting qubit readout, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 100603 (2024).
  5. M. D. Reed, B. R. Johnson, A. A. Houck, L. DiCarlo, J. M. Chow, D. I. Schuster, L. Frunzio, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Fast reset and suppressing spontaneous emission of a superconducting qubit, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 203110 (2010).
  6. E. Jeffrey, D. Sank, J. Y. Mutus, T. C. White, J. Kelly, R. Barends, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, A. Dunsworth, A. Megrant, P. J. J. O’Malley, C. Neill, P. Roushan, A. Vainsencher, J. Wenner, A. N. Cleland, and J. M. Martinis, Fast accurate state measurement with superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 190504 (2014).
  7. E. A. Sete, J. M. Martinis, and A. N. Korotkov, Quantum theory of a bandpass Purcell filter for qubit readout, Phys. Rev. A 92, 012325 (2015).
  8. J. Heinsoo, C. K. Andersen, A. Remm, S. Krinner, T. Walter, Y. Salathé, S. Gasparinetti, J.-C. Besse, A. Potočnik, A. Wallraff, and C. Eichler, Rapid high-fidelity multiplexed readout of superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 034040 (2018).
  9. P. Bertet, I. Chiorescu, G. Burkard, K. Semba, C. J. P. M. Harmans, D. P. DiVincenzo, and J. E. Mooij, Dephasing of a superconducting qubit induced by photon noise, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 257002 (2005).
  10. A. P. Sears, A. Petrenko, G. Catelani, L. Sun, H. Paik, G. Kirchmair, L. Frunzio, L. I. Glazman, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Photon shot noise dephasing in the strong-dispersive limit of circuit QED, Phys. Rev. B 86, 180504 (2012).
  11. C. Rigetti, J. M. Gambetta, S. Poletto, B. L. T. Plourde, J. M. Chow, A. D. Córcoles, J. A. Smolin, S. T. Merkel, J. R. Rozen, G. A. Keefe, M. B. Rothwell, M. B. Ketchen, and M. Steffen, Superconducting qubit in a waveguide cavity with a coherence time approaching 0.1 ms, Phys. Rev. B 86, 100506 (2012).
  12. F. Yan, S. Gustavsson, A. Kamal, J. Birenbaum, A. P. Sears, D. Hover, T. J. Gudmundsen, D. Rosenberg, G. Samach, S. Weber, et al., The flux qubit revisited to enhance coherence and reproducibility, Nat. Commun. 7, 12964 (2016).
  13. F. Yan, D. Campbell, P. Krantz, M. Kjaergaard, D. Kim, J. L. Yoder, D. Hover, A. Sears, A. J. Kerman, T. P. Orlando, S. Gustavsson, and W. D. Oliver, Distinguishing coherent and thermal photon noise in a circuit quantum electrodynamical system, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 260504 (2018).
  14. Google Quantum AI and collaborators, Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature (2024).
  15. This assumption is valid because Heisenberg’s equation of motion for the a operator is identical to the classical equation of motion for the field α, so long as the drive is linearly coupled (i.e., inductor-capacitor coupling).
  16. C. A. Ryan, B. R. Johnson, J. M. Gambetta, J. M. Chow, M. P. da Silva, O. E. Dial, and T. A. Ohki, Tomography via correlation of noisy measurement records, Phys. Rev. A 91, 022118 (2015).
  17. D. Sank, Fast, Accurate State Measurement in Superconducting Qubits, Ph.D. thesis, University of California Santa Barbara, 2014. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73m3g1h0.
  18. A. N. Korotkov, Selective quantum evolution of a qubit state due to continuous measurement, Phys. Rev. B 63, 115403 (2001).
  19. A. A. Clerk, S. M. Girvin, and A. D. Stone, Quantum-limited measurement and information in mesoscopic detectors, Phys. Rev. B 67, 165324 (2003).
  20. A. A. Clerk, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, F. Marquardt, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Introduction to quantum noise, measurement, and amplification, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1155 (2010).
  21. This linear approximation for the qubit ac Stark shift is valid when n¯≲ncrit≡(1/4)(Δ/g)2, where Δ is the detuning between the qubit and the resonator, and g is the qubit-resonator coupling strength.
  22. This assumption is substantiated by the observation that the SNR scales linearly with power, as can be seen in Sec. 5.
  23. N. Zobrist, N. Klimovich, B. Eom, G. Coiffard, M. Daal, N. J. Swimmer, S. Steiger, B. Bumble, H. G. LeDuc, P. K. Day, and B. A. Mazin, Improving the dynamic range of single photon counting kinetic inductance detectors, J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 7, 010501 (2021).
  24. M. Khalil, M. Stoutimore, F. Wellstood, and K. Osborn, An analysis method for asymmetric resonator transmission applied to superconducting devices, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 0 (2012).
  25. H. Wang, S. Singh, C. R. H. McRae, J. C. Bardin, S.-X. Lin, N. Messaoudi, A. R. Castelli, Y. J. Rosen, E. T. Holland, D. P. Pappas, and J. Y. Mutus, Cryogenic single-port calibration for superconducting microwave resonator measurements, Quantum Sci. Technol. 6, 035015 (2021).
  26. F. W. Carter, T. S. Khaire, V. Novosad, and C. L. Chang, scraps: An open-source python-based analysis package for analyzing and plotting superconducting resonator data, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 27, 1 (2017).
  27. A. Megrant, C. Neill, R. Barends, B. Chiaro, Y. Chen, L. Feigl, J. Kelly, E. Lucero, M. Mariantoni, P. J. O’Malley, et al., Planar superconducting resonators with internal quality factors above one million, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 113510 (2012).
  28. Z. Chen, Metrology of Quantum Control and Measurement in Superconducting Qubits, Ph.D. thesis, University of California Santa Barbara, 2018. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0g29b4p0.
  29. D. Sank, Z. Chen, M. Khezri, J. Kelly, R. Barends, B. Campbell, Y. Chen, B. Chiaro, A. Dunsworth, A. Fowler, E. Jeffrey, E. Lucero, A. Megrant, J. Mutus, M. Neeley, C. Neill, P. J. J. O’Malley, C. Quintana, P. Roushan, A. Vainsencher, T. White, J. Wenner, A. N. Korotkov, and J. M. Martinis, Measurement-induced state transitions in a superconducting qubit: Beyond the rotating wave approximation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 190503 (2016).
  30. M. Khezri, A. Opremcak, Z. Chen, K. C. Miao, M. McEwen, A. Bengtsson, T. White, O. Naaman, D. Sank, A. N. Korotkov, Y. Chen, and V. Smelyanskiy, Measurement-induced state transitions in a superconducting qubit: Within the rotating-wave approximation, Phys. Rev. Appl. 20, 054008 (2023).
  31. M. F. Dumas, B. Groleau-Paré, A. McDonald, M. H. Muñoz Arias, C. Lledó, B. D’Anjou, and A. Blais, Measurement-induced transmon ionization, Phys. Rev. X 14, 041023 (2024).
  32. A. Yen, Y. Ye, K. Peng, J. Wang, G. Cunningham, M. Gingras, B. M. Niedzielski, H. Stickler, K. Serniak, M. E. Schwartz, and K. P. O’Brien, Directional emission of a readout resonator for qubit measurement, Phys. Rev. Appl. 22, 034035 (2024).
  33. C. C. Bultink, B. Tarasinski, N. Haandbæk, S. Poletto, N. Haider, D. J. Michalak, A. Bruno, and L. DiCarlo, General method for extracting the quantum efficiency of dispersive qubit readout in circuit QED, Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 092601 (2018).
  34. A. Eddins, J. M. Kreikebaum, D. M. Toyli, E. M. Levenson-Falk, A. Dove, W. P. Livingston, B. A. Levitan, L. C. G. Govia, A. A. Clerk, and I. Siddiqi, High-efficiency measurement of an artificial atom embedded in a parametric amplifier, Phys. Rev. X 9, 011004 (2019).
  35. T. White, et al., Readout of a quantum processor with high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifiers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 122, 014001 (2023).
  36. The Nyquist antialiasing criterion demands |x|<π, corresponding to |ω|<(2π)500MHz for our 1-Gs/s ADC, but our receiver is intentionally designed with a more conservative filter with a cutoff near 200MHz.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 23, 024055– Published 21 February, 2025
  • Received 13 March 2024
  • Revised 30 December 2024
  • Accepted 31 January 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation