- Featured in Physics
- Editors' Suggestion
- Access by Xinjiang University
Single-Shot MeV Transmission Electron Microscopy with Picosecond Temporal Resolution
Phys. Rev. Applied 2, 024003 – Published 5 August, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.024003
Abstract
Pushing the limits in temporal resolution for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) requires a revolutionary change in the electron source technology. In this paper, we study the possibility of employing a radio-frequency photoinjector as the electron source for a time-resolved TEM. By raising the beam energy to the relativistic regime, we minimize the space-charge effects which otherwise limit the spatiotemporal resolution of the instrument. Analysis and optimization of the system taking into account the achievable beam brightness, electron flux on the sample, chromatic and spherical aberration of the electron optic system, and space-charge effects in image formation are presented and supported by detailed numerical modeling. The results demonstrate the feasibility of 10-nm–10-ps spatiotemporal resolution single-shot MeV TEM.
Synopsis
Quick Pictures with Electrons
A relativistic electron source, similar to that used in x-ray lasers, is the key component in a new design for a high-speed electron microscope.
See more in Physics
Article Text
References (74)
- D. B. Williams and C. B. Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York, 2009).
- L. Reimer and H. Kohl, Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation, 5th ed. (Springer, New York, 2008).
- J. C. H. Spence, High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, 4th ed. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2013).
- M. Haider, S. Uhlemann, E. Schwan, H. Rose, B. Kabius, and K. Urban, Electron microscopy image enhanced, Nature (London) 392, 768 (1998).
- P. E. Batson, N. Dellby, and O. L. Krivanek, Sub-ångstrom resolution using aberration corrected electron optics, Nature (London) 418, 617 (2002).
- W. E. King, G. H. Campbell, A. Frank, B. Reed, J. F. Schmerge, B. J. Siwick, B. C. Stuart, and P. M. Weber, Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 111101 (2005).
- Future Science Needs and Opportunities for Electron Scattering: Next-Generation Instrumentation and Beyond, Report of the U.S. Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Electron Scattering for Materials Characterization (U.S. Department of Energy, Gaithersburg, MD, 2007).
- F. Carbone, P. Musumeci, O. J. Luiten, and C. Hebert, A perspective on novel sources of ultrashort electron and x-ray pulses, Chem. Phys. 392, 1 (2012).
- O. Bostanjoglo, High-speed electron microscopy, Adv. Imaging Electron Phys. 121, 1 (2002).
- H. Domer and O. Bostanjoglo, High-speed transmission electron microscope, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4369 (2003).
- T. LaGrange, M. R. Armstrong, K. Boyden, C. G. Brown, G. H. Campbell, J. D. Colvin, W. J. DeHope, A. M. Frank, D. J. Gibson, F. V. Hartemann, J. S. Kim, W. E. King, B. J. Pyke, B. W. Reed, M. D. Shirk, R. M. Shuttlesworth, B. C. Stuart, B. R. Torralva, and N. D. Browning, Single-shot dynamic transmission electron microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 044105 (2006).
- J. S. Kim, T. LaGrange, B. W. Reed, M. L. Taheri, M. R. Armstrong, W. E. King, N. D. Browning, and G. H. Campbell, Imaging of transient structures using nanosecond in situ TEM, Science 321, 1472 (2008).
- A. H. Zewail, Four-dimensional electron microscopy, Science 328, 187 (2010).
- A. H. Zewail and J. M. Thomas, 4D Electron Microscopy: Imaging in Space and Time (Imperial College Press, London, 2010).
- L. Piazza, P. Musumeci, O. J. Luiten, and F. Carbone, A proposal for fs-electron microscopy experiments on high-energy excitations in solids, Micron 63, 40 (2014).
- T. Rao and D. H. Dowell, An Engineering Guide To Photoinjectors, arXiv:1403.7539.
- R. Akre, D. Dowell, P. Emma, J. Frisch, S. Gilevich, G. Hays, Ph. Hering, R. Iverson, C. Limborg-Deprey, H. Loos, A. Miahnahri, J. Schmerge, J. Turner, J. Welch, W. White, and J. Wu, Commissioning the Linac Coherent Light Source injector, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 11, 030703 (2008).
- X. J. Wang, Z. Wu, and H. Ihee, in Proceedings of PAC03 (IEEE, Portland, OR, 2003), WOAC003.
- J. B. Hastings, F. M. Rudakov, D. H. Dowell, J. F. Schmerge, J. D. Cardoza, J. M. Castro, S. M. Gierman, H. Loos and P. M. Weber, Ultrafast time-resolved electron diffraction with megavolt electron beams, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 184109 (2006).
- P. Musumeci, J. T. Moody, C. M. Scoby, M. S. Gutierrez, and M. Westfall, Laser-induced melting of a single crystal gold sample by time-resolved ultrafast relativistic electron diffraction, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 063502 (2010).
- R. K. Li, C. X. Tang, Y. C. Du, W. H. Huang, Q. Du, J. R. Shi, L. X. Yan, and X. J. Wang, Experimental demonstration of high quality MeV ultrafast electron diffraction, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 083303 (2009).
- Y. Murooka, N. Naruse, S. Sakakihara, M. Ishimaru, J. Yang, and K. Tanimura, Transmission-electron diffraction by MeV electron pulses, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 251903 (2011).
- P. F. Zhu, H. Berger, J. Cao, J. Geck, Y. Hidaka, R. Kraus, S. Pjerov, Y. Shen, R. I Tobey, Y. Zhu, J. P. Hill, and X. J. Wang, Femtosecond time-resolved MeV electron diffraction, arXiv:1304.5176.
- http://regae.desy.de/.
- J. Yang, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Sources for Diffraction and Microscopy Applications, Los Angeles, 2012, http://pbpl.physics.ucla.edu/UESDM_2012/.
- R. K. Li and P. Musumeci, in Proceedings of the 25th North American Particle Accelerator Conference, Pasadena, 2013, http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/pac2013/talks/thoaa1_talk.pdf.
- D. Xiang, F. Fu, J. Zhang, X. Huang, L. Wang, X. Wang, and W. Wan, Accelerator-based single-shot ultrafast transmission electron microscope with picosecond temporal resolution and nanometer spatial resolution, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 759, 74 (2014).
- A. Rose, Television pickup tubes and the problem of vision, Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 1, 131 (1948).
- G. H. Jansen, Coulomb interactions in particle beams, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 6, 1977 (1988).
- G. H. Jansen, Coulomb Interactions in Particle Beams (Academic, Waltham, MA, 1990).
- B. W. Reed, M. R. Armstrong, N. D. Browning, G. H. Campbell, J. E. Evans, T. LaGrange, and D. J. Masiel, The evolution of ultrafast electron microscope instrumentation, Microsc. Microanal. 15, 272 (2009).
- ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter No. 46, edited by M. A. Furman and W. Chou, 2008.
- D. Filippetto, P. Musumeci, M. Zolotorev, and G. Stupakov, Maximum current density and beam brightness achievable by laser-driven electron sources, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 17, 024201 (2014).
- R. F. Egerton, P. Li, and M. Malac, Radiation damage in the TEM and SEM, Micron 35, 399 (2004).
- J. C. H. Spence, U. Weierstall, and H. N. Chapman, X-ray lasers for structural and dynamic biology, Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 102601 (2012).
- D. H. Dowell and J. F. Schmerge, Quantum efficiency and thermal emittance of metal photocathodes, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 074201 (2009).
- D. H. Dowell, I. Bazarov, B. Dunham, K. Harkay, C. Hernandez-Garcia, R. Legg, H. Padmore, T. Rao, J. Smedley, and W. Wan, Cathode R&D for future light sources, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 622, 685 (2010).
- R. K. Li, K. G. Roberts, C. M. Scoby, H. To, and P. Musumeci, Nanometer emittance ultralow charge beams from rf photoinjectors, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15, 090702 (2012).
- S. Di Mitri and M. Cornacchia, Electron beam brightness in linac drivers for free-electron-lasers, Phys. Rep. 539, 1 (2014).
- I. V. Bazarov, B. M. Dunham, and C. K. Sinclair, Maximum achievable beam brightness from photoinjectors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 104801 (2009).
- B. J. Claessens, S. B. van der Geer, E. J. D. Vredenbregt, and O. J. Luiten, Ultracold electron source, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 164801 (2005).
- O. J. Luiten, S. B. van der Geer, M. J. de Loos, F. B. Kiewiet, and M. J. van der Wiel, How to realize uniform three-dimensional ellipsoidal electron bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 094802 (2004).
- P. Musumeci, J. T. Moody, R. J. England, J. B. Rosenzweig, and T. Tran, Experimental generation and characterization of uniformly filled ellipsoidal electron-beam distributions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 244801 (2008).
- F. Zhou, A. Brachmann, P. Emma, S. Gilevich, and Z. Huang, Impact of the spatial laser distribution on photocathode gun operation, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15, 090701 (2012).
- C. P. Hauri, R. Ganter, F. Le Pimpec, A. Trisorio, C. Ruchert, and H. H. Braun, Intrinsic emittance reduction of an electron beam from metal photocathodes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 234802 (2010).
- X. J. Wang, X. Qiu, and I. Ben-Zvi, Experimental observation of high-brightness microbunching in a photocathode rf electron gun, Phys. Rev. E 54, R3121(R) (1996).
- General Particle Tracer, http://www.pulsar.nl/gpt/.
- T. I. Smith, in Proceedings of 1986 Linear Accelerator Conference, Stanford, CA, 1986, Report No. SLAC-R-303, pp. 421–426.
- L. Serafini, R. Rivolta, and C. Pagani, Neutralization of the emittance blowup induced by rf time dependent forces in rf guns, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 318, 301 (1992).
- D. H. Dowell, M. Ferrario, T. Kimura, J. Lewellen, C. Limborg, P. Raimondi, J. F. Schmerge, L. Serafini, T. Smith, and L. Young, A two-frequency rf photocathode Gun, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 528, 316 (2004).
- J. Lewellen and J. Noonan, Field-emission cathode gating for rf electron guns, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 033502 (2005).
- See, for example, J. M. Byrd, L. Doolittle, G. Huang, J. W. Staples, R. Wilcox, J. Arthur, J. Frisch, and W. White, in Proceedings of BIW10, Santa Fe, NM, 2010, MOCNB04, https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/BIW2010/papers/mocnb04.pdf.
- M. Felber, M. Hoffmann, U. Mavric, H. Schlarb, S. Schulz, and W. Jalmuzna, in Proceedings of IPAC2012, New Orleans, LA, 2012, WEPPD048, http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/ipac2012/papers/weppd048.pdf.
- F. J. Decker, A. Krasnykh, B. Morris, and M. Nguyen, in Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC), San Diego, CA, 2012, pp. 695–699, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6518840.
- T. Shintake, T. Inagaki, K. Shirasawa, C. Kondo, and T. Sakurai, in Proceedings of IPAC10, Kyoto, Japan, 2010, WEPD080, https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/IPAC10/papers/wepd080.pdf.
- B. W. Reed, T. LaGrange, R. M. Shuttlesworth, D. J. Gibson, G. H. Campbell, and N. D. Browning, Solving the accelerator-condenser coupling problem in a nanosecond dynamic transmission electron microscope, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 053706 (2010).
- A. Takaoka, K. Ura, H. Mori, T. Katsuta, I. Matsui, and S. Hayashi, Development of a new 3 MV ultra-high voltage electron microscope at Osaka University, J. Electron Microsc. 46, 447 (1997).
- J. Schwartz, T. Effio, X. Liu, Q. V. Le, A. L. Mbaruku, H. J. Schneider-Muntau, T. Shen, H. Song, U. P. Trociewitz, X. Wang, and H. W. Weijers, High field superconducting solenoids via high temperature superconductorsm, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 18, 70 (2008).
- K. Halbach, Design of permanent multipole magnets with oriented rare earth cobalt material, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 169, 1 (1980).
- G. J. Ross, G. Garty, G. Randers-Pehrson, and D. J. Brenner, A single-particle/single-cell microbeam based on an isotopic alpha source, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 231, 207 (2005).
- K. Nakamura, T. Sokollik, J. van Tilborg, A. J. Gonsalves, B. Shaw, S. Shiraishi, R. Mittal, S. De Santis, J. M. Byrd, and W. Leemans, Beam transport and monitoring for laser plasma accelerators, AIP Conf. Proc. 1507, 728 (2012).
- J. K. Lim, P. Frigola, G. Travish, J. B. Rosenzweig, S. G. Anderson, W. J. Brown, J. S. Jacob, C. L. Robbins, and A. M. Tremaine, Adjustable, short focal length permanent-magnet quadrupole based electron beam final focus system, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005).
- J. Harrison, O. Paydar, Y. Hwang, J. Wu, E. Threlkeld, P. Musumeci, and R. N. Candler, Fabrication process for thick-film micromachined multi-pole electromagnets, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 23, 505 (2014).
- P. Elleaume, O. Chubar, and J. Chavanne, in Proceedings of PAC97, Vancouver, 1997, pp. 3509–3511, http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/pac97/papers/pdf/9P027.PDF.
- COSY INFINITY, http://www.bt.pa.msu.edu/index_cosy.htm.
- R. K. Li, P. Musumeci, H. A. Bender, N. S. Wilcox, and M. Wu, Imaging single electrons to enable the generation of ultrashort beams for single-shot femtosecond relativistic electron diffraction, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 074512 (2011).
- M. Reiser, Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams (Wiley, New York, 2008), pp. 163–170.
Here we refer to the scaling in the transverse direction. Longitudinally scaled simulation will be discussed in Sec. V B.
- M. A. Furman, Compact complex expressions for the electric field of two-dimensional elliptical charge distributions, Am. J. Phys. 62, 1134 (1994).
The polynomial fitting of uses even-order components (due to middle-plane symmetry) up to tenth order and precisely represents the smooth distribution. For example, when macroparticles are used in simulation, the difference of between direct counting of macroparticles and polynomial fitting is , on the same magnitude of the macroparticle shot noise.
- D. Milathianaki, S. Boutet, G. J. Williams, A. Higginbotham, D. Ratner, A. E. Gleason, M. Messerschmidt, M. M. Seibert, D. C. Swift, P. Hering, J. Robinson, W. E. White, and J. S. Wark, Femtosecond visualization of lattice dynamics in shock-compressed matter, Science 342, 220 (2013).
- T. van Oudheusden, E. F. de Jong, S. B. van der Geer, W. P. E. M. Op t Root, O. J. Luiten, and B. J. Siwick, Electron source concept for single-shot sub-100 fs electron diffraction in the 100 keV range, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 093501 (2007).
- T. van Oudheusden, P. L. E. M. Pasmans, S. B. van der Geer, M. J. de Loos, M. J. van der Wiel, and O. J. Luiten, Compression of subrelativistic space-charge-dominated electron bunches for single-shot femtosecond electron diffraction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 264801 (2010).
- P. Baum, On the physics of ultrashort single-electron pulses for time-resolved microscopy and diffraction, Chem. Phys. 423, 55 (2013).