- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Applied

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Spin-Dependent Dynamics of Photocarrier Generation in Electrically Detected Nitrogen-Vacancy-Based Quantum Sensing

Hiroki Morishita1,2,*,‡, Naoya Morioka1,2, Testuri Nishikawa1,3, Hajime Yao1,3, Shinobu Onoda4, Hiroshi Abe4, Takeshi Ohshima4, and Norikazu Mizuochi1,2,†

  • 1Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
  • 2Center for Spintronics Research Network, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
  • 3Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
  • 4National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan

  • *hiroki.morishita.d8@tohoku.ac.jp
  • †mizuochi@scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp
  • ‡Present addresses: Center for Spintronics Research Network, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577 Japan. Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577 Japan.
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 034061 – Published 20 March, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.034061

Abstract

Electrical detection of nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond is advantageous for developing and integrating quantum information processing devices and quantum sensors and has the potential to achieve a higher collection efficiency than that of optical techniques. However, the mechanism for the electrical detection of N-V spins is not fully understood. In this study, we observe positive contrast in photocurrent detected magnetic resonance (PDMR). Note that negative PDMR contrast is usually observed. To discuss the sign of the PDMR contrast, we numerically analyze the dynamics of photocarrier generation by N-V centers using a seven-level rate model. It is found that the sign of the PDMR contrast depends on the difference in the photocurrent generated from the excited states and the metastable state of N-V centers. Furthermore, we demonstrate ac magnetic field sensing using spin coherence with the PDMR technique. ac magnetic field measurement with the PDMR technique is still challenging because the noise from a fluctuating magnetic environment is greater than the measured signal. Here, we introduce noise suppression using a phase-cycling-based noise-canceling technique. We demonstrate electrically detected ac magnetic field sensing with a sensitivity of 29 nT Hz−1/2. Finally, we discuss sensitivity enhancement based on the proposed model.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (37)

  1. J. M. Taylor, P. Cappellaro, L. Childress, L. Jiang, D. Budker, P. R. Hemmer, A. Yacoby, R. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution, Nat. Phys. 4, 810 (2008).
  2. C. L. Degen, F. Reinhard, and P. Cappellaro, Quantum sensing, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 035002 (2017).
  3. E. D. Herbschleb, H. Kato, Y. Maruyama, T. Danjo, T. Makino, S. Yamasaki, I. Ohki, K. Hayashi, H. Morishita, M. Fujiwara, and N. Mizuochi, Ultra-long coherence times amongst room-temperature solid-state spins, Nat. Commun. 10, 3766 (2019).
  4. J. F. Barry, J. M. Schloss, E. Bauch, M. J. Turner, C. A. Hart, L. M. Pham, and R. L. Walsworth, Sensitivity optimization for NV-diamond magnetometry, Rev. Mod. Phys. 92, 015004 (2020).
  5. F. Shi, F. Kong, P. Zhao, X. Zhang, M. Chen, S. Chen, Q. Zhang, M. Wang, X. Ye, Z. Wang, et al., Single-DNA electron spin resonance spectroscopy in aqueous solutions, Nat. Methods 15, 697 (2018).
  6. R. W. de Gille, J. M. McCoey, L. T. Hall, J. P. Tetienne, E. P. Malkemper, D. A. Keays, L. C. L. Hollenberg, and D. A. Simpson, Quantum magnetic imaging of iron organelles within the pigeon cochlea, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 118, e2112749118 (2021).
  7. S. Sotoma, C. Zhong, Y. Kah James Chen, H. Yamashita, T. Plakhotnik, Y. Harada, and M. Suzuki, In situ measurements of intracellular thermal conductivity using heater-thermometer hybrid diamond nanosensors, Sci. Adv. 7, eabd7888 (2021).
  8. N. Aslam, M. Pfender, P. Neumann, R. Reuter, A. Zappe, F. Favaro de Oliveira, A. Denisenko, H. Sumiya, S. Onoda, J. Isoya, and J. Wrachtrup, Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with chemical resolution, Science 357, 67 (2017).
  9. D. R. Glenn, D. B. Bucher, J. Lee, M. D. Lukin, H. Park, and R. L. Walsworth, High-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a solid-state spin sensor, Nature 555, 351 (2018).
  10. D. B. Bucher, D. R. Glenn, H. Park, M. D. Lukin, and R. L. Walsworth, Hyperpolarization-Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy with Femtomole Sensitivity Using Quantum Defects in Diamond, Phys. Rev. X 10, 021053 (2020).
  11. N. Arunkumar, D. B. Bucher, M. J. Turner, P. TomHon, D. Glenn, S. Lehmkuhl, M. D. Lukin, H. Park, M. S. Rosen, T. Theis, and R. L. Walsworth, Micron-Scale NV-NMR Spectroscopy with Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange, PRX Quantum 2, 010305 (2021).
  12. D. Rugar, H. J. Mamin, M. H. Sherwood, M. Kim, C. T. Rettner, K. Ohno, and D. D. Awschalom, Proton magnetic resonance imaging using a nitrogen-vacancy spin sensor, Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 120 (2015).
  13. S. J. DeVience, L. M. Pham, I. Lovchinsky, A. O. Sushkov, N. Bar-Gill, C. Belthangady, F. Casola, M. Corbett, H. Zhang, M. Lukin, et al., Nanoscale NMR spectroscopy and imaging of multiple nuclear species, Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 129 (2015).
  14. V. S. Perunicic, C. D. Hill, L. T. Hall, and L. C. L. Hollenberg, A quantum spin-probe molecular microscope, Nat. Commun. 7, 12667 (2016).
  15. E. Bourgeois, A. Jarmola, P. Siyushev, M. Gulka, J. Hruby, F. Jelezko, D. Budker, and M. Nesladek, Photoelectric detection of electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond, Nat. Commun. 6, 8577 (2015).
  16. M. Gulka, E. Bourgeois, J. Hruby, P. Siyushev, G. Wachter, F. Aumayr, P. R. Hemmer, A. Gali, F. Jelezko, M. Trupke, and M. Nesladek, Pulsed Photoelectric Coherent Manipulation and Detection of N−V Center Spins in Diamond, Phys. Rev. Appl. 7, 044032 (2017).
  17. F. M. Hrubesch, G. Braunbeck, M. Stutzmann, F. Reinhard, and M. S. Brandt, Efficient Electrical Spin Readout of NV− Centers in Diamond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 037601 (2017).
  18. P. Siyushev, M. Nesladek, E. Bourgeois, M. Gulka, J. Hruby, T. Yamamoto, M. Trupke, T. Teraji, J. Isoya, and F. Jelezko, Photoelectrical imaging and coherent spin-state readout of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, Science 363, 728 (2019).
  19. T. Murooka, M. Shiigai, Y. Hironaka, T. Tsuji, B. Yang, T. M. Hoang, K. Suda, K. Mizuno, H. Kato, T. Makino, et al., Photoelectrical detection of nitrogen-vacancy centers by utilizing diamond lateral p–i–n diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 118, 253502 (2021).
  20. H. Morishita, S. Kobayashi, M. Fujiwara, H. Kato, T. Makino, S. Yamasaki, and N. Mizuochi, Room temperature electrically detected nuclear spin coherence of NV centres in diamond, Sci. Rep. 10, 792 (2020).
  21. M. Gulka, D. Wirtitsch, V. Ivady, J. Vodnik, J. Hruby, G. Magchiels, E. Bourgeois, A. Gali, M. Trupke, and M. Nesladek, Room-temperature control and electrical readout of individual nitrogen-vacancy nuclear spins, Nat. Commun. 12, 4421 (2021).
  22. H. Zheng, J. Hruby, E. Bourgeois, J. Soucek, P. Siyushev, F. Jelezko, A. Wickenbrock, M. Nesladek, and D. Budker, Electrical-Readout Microwave-Free Sensing with Diamond, Phys. Rev. Appl. 18, 024079 (2022).
  23. J. Hruby, M. Gulka, M. Mongillo, I. P. Radu, M. V. Petrov, E. Bourgeois, and M. Nesladek, Magnetic field sensitivity of the photoelectrically read nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 162402 (2022).
  24. F. Hoehne, L. Dreher, J. Behrends, M. Fehr, H. Huebl, K. Lips, A. Schnegg, M. Suckert, M. Stutzmann, and M. S. Brandt, Lock-in detection for pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 043907 (2012).
  25. H. Kato, M. Wolfer, C. Schreyvogel, M. Kunzer, W. Müller-Sebert, H. Obloh, S. Yamasak, and C. Nebel, Tunable light emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers in single crystal diamond PIN diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 151101 (2013).
  26. D. P. L. Aude Craik, P. Kehayias, A. S. Greenspon, X. Zhang, M. J. Turner, J. M. Schloss, E. Bauch, C. A. Hart, E. L. Hu, and R. L. Walsworth, Microwave-Assisted Spectroscopy Technique for Studying Charge State in Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles in Diamond, Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 014009 (2020).
  27. P. Siyushev, H. Pinto, M. Vörös, A. Gali, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, Optically Controlled Switching of the Charge State of a Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond at Cryogenic Temperatures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 167402 (2013).
  28. L. Razinkovas, M. Maciaszek, F. Reinhard, M. W. Doherty, and A. Alkauskas, Photoionization of negatively charged NV centers in diamond: Theory and ab initio calculations, Phys. Rev. B 104, 235301 (2021).
  29. M. W. Doherty, N. B. Manson, P. Delaney, F. Jelezko, J. Wrachtrup, and L. C. L. Hollenberg, The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond, Phys. Rep. 528, 1 (2013).
  30. E. Bourgeois, J. Soucek, J. Hruby, M. Gulka, and M. Nesladek, Photoelectric detection of nitrogen-vacancy centers magnetic resonances in diamond: Role of charge exchanges with other optoelectrically active defects, Adv. Quantum Technol. 5, 2100153 (2022).
  31. L. Hacquebard and L. Childress, Charge-state dynamics during excitation and depletion of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, Phys. Rev. A 97, 063408 (2018).
  32. L. Robledo, H. Bernien, T. v. d. Sar, and R. Hanson, Spin dynamics in the optical cycle of single nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond, New J. Phys. 13, 025013 (2011).
  33. E. Fraczek, V. G. Savitski, M. Dale, B. G. Breeze, P. Diggle, M. Markham, A. Bennett, H. Dhillon, M. E. Newton, and A. J. Kemp, Laser spectroscopy of NV- and NV0 colour centres in synthetic diamond, Opt. Mater. Express 7, 2571 (2017).
  34. D. Bluvstein, Z. Zhang, C. A. McLellan, N. R. Williams, and A. C. B. Jayich, Extending the Quantum Coherence of a Near-Surface Qubit by Coherently Driving the Paramagnetic Surface Environment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 146804 (2019).
  35. N. Aslam, G. Waldherr, P. Neumann, F. Jelezko, and J. Wrachtrup, Photo-induced ionization dynamics of the nitrogen vacancy defect in diamond investigated by single-shot charge state detection, New J. Phys. 15, 013064 (2013).
  36. R. Chapman and T. Plakhotnik, Anomalous saturation effects due to optical spin depolarization in nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond nanocrystals, Phys. Rev. B 86, 045204 (2012).
  37. T. Wolf, P. Neumann, K. Nakamura, H. Sumiya, T. Ohshima, J. Isoya, and J. Wrachtrup, Subpicotesla Diamond Magnetometry, Phys. Rev. X 5, 041001 (2015).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 034061– Published 20 March, 2023
  • Received 21 October 2022
  • Accepted 16 February 2023
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2023 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation