- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine
Access Provided by Xinjiang University

Physical Review Applied

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Access by Xinjiang University

Time-Resolved Hanbury Brown–Twiss Interferometry of On-Chip Biphoton Frequency Combs Using Vernier Phase Modulation

Karthik V. Myilswamy1,†, Suparna Seshadri1,†, Hsuan-Hao Lu2, Mohammed S. Alshaykh3, Junqiu Liu4, Tobias J. Kippenberg4, Andrew M. Weiner1, and Joseph M. Lukens2,5,*

  • 1School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
  • 2Quantum Information Science Section, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
  • 3Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
  • 4Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
  • 5Research Technology Office and Quantum Collaborative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA

  • *joseph.lukens@asu.edu
  • †These authors contributed equally to this work.
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 034019 – Published 7 March, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.034019

Abstract

Biphoton frequency combs (BFCs) are promising quantum sources for large-scale and high-dimensional quantum information and networking systems. In this context, the spectral purity of individual frequency bins will be critical for realizing quantum networking protocols like teleportation and entanglement swapping. Measurement of the temporal autocorrelation function of the unheralded signal or idler photons comprising the BFC is a key tool for characterizing their spectral purity and in turn verifying the utility of the biphoton state for networking protocols. Yet the experimentally obtainable precision for measuring BFC correlation functions is often severely limited by detector jitter. The fine temporal features in the correlation function—not only of practical value in quantum information, but also of fundamental interest in the study of quantum optics—are lost as a result. We propose a scheme to circumvent this challenge through electro-optic phase modulation, experimentally demonstrating time-resolved Hanbury Brown–Twiss characterization of BFCs generated from an integrated 40.5-GHz Si3N4 microring, up to a 3×3-dimensional two-qutrit Hilbert space. Through slight detuning of the electro-optic drive frequency from the comb’s free spectral range, our approach leverages Vernier principles to magnify temporal features, which would otherwise be averaged out by detector jitter. We demonstrate our approach under both continuous-wave and pulsed-pumping regimes, finding excellent agreement with theory. Our method reveals not only the collective statistics of the contributing frequency bins but also their temporal shapes—features lost in standard fully integrated autocorrelation measurements.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (74)

  1. M. Kues, C. Reimer, P. Roztocki, L. R. Cortés, S. Sciara, B. Wetzel, Y. Zhang, A. Cino, S. T. Chu, B. E. Little, D. J. Moss, L. Caspani, J. Azaña, and R. Morandotti, On-chip generation of high-dimensional entangled quantum states and their coherent control, Nature 546, 622 (2017).
  2. P. Imany, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, O. D. Odele, K. Han, D. E. Leaird, J. M. Lukens, P. Lougovski, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, 50-GHz-spaced comb of high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled photons from an on-chip silicon nitride microresonator, Opt. Express 26, 1825 (2018).
  3. M. Kues, C. Reimer, J. M. Lukens, W. J. Munro, A. M. Weiner, D. J. Moss, and R. Morandotti, Quantum optical microcombs, Nat. Photonics 13, 170 (2019).
  4. H.-H. Lu, K. V. Myilswamy, R. S. Bennink, S. Seshadri, M. S. Alshaykh, J. Liu, T. J. Kippenberg, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weiner, and J. M. Lukens, Bayesian tomography of high-dimensional on-chip biphoton frequency combs with randomized measurements, Nat. Commun. 13, 4338 (2022).
  5. J. M. Lukens and P. Lougovski, Frequency-encoded photonic qubits for scalable quantum information processing, Optica 4, 8 (2017).
  6. H.-H. Lu, A. M. Weiner, P. Lougovski, and J. M. Lukens, Quantum information processing with frequency-comb qudits, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31, 1858 (2019).
  7. A. Eckstein, A. Christ, P. J. Mosley, and C. Silberhorn, Highly Efficient Single-Pass Source of Pulsed Single-Mode Twin Beams of Light, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 013603 (2011).
  8. F. Kaneda, K. Garay-Palmett, A. B. U’Ren, and P. G. Kwiat, Heralded single-photon source utilizing highly nondegenerate spectrally factorable spontaneous parametric downconversion, Opt. Express 24, 10733 (2016).
  9. A. Khodadad Kashi and M. Kues, Spectral Hong–Ou–Mandel interference between independently generated single photons for scalable frequency-domain quantum processing, Laser Photonics Rev. 15, 2000464 (2021).
  10. A. V. Gorshkov, T. Calarco, M. D. Lukin, and A. S. Sørensen, Photon storage in λ-type optically dense atomic media. IV. Optimal control using gradient ascent, Phys. Rev. A 77, 043806 (2008).
  11. C. Liu, Y. Sun, L. Zhao, S. Zhang, M. M. T. Loy, and S. Du, Efficiently Loading a Single Photon into a Single-Sided Fabry-Perot Cavity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 133601 (2014).
  12. J. Guo, X. Feng, P. Yang, Z. Yu, L. Chen, C.-H. Yuan, and W. Zhang, High-performance Raman quantum memory with optimal control in room temperature atoms, Nat. Commun. 10, 148 (2019).
  13. K. V. Myilswamy and A. M. Weiner, Temporal modulation of a spectral compressor for efficient quantum storage, Opt. Lett. 47, 1387 (2022).
  14. R. J. Glauber, The quantum theory of optical coherence, Phys. Rev. 130, 2529 (1963).
  15. L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995).
  16. Z.-Y. Ou, Quantum Optics for Experimentalists (World Scientific, Singapore, 2017).
  17. R. Hanbury Brown and R. Q. Twiss, LXXIV. A new type of interferometer for use in radio astronomy, Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci. 45, 663 (1954).
  18. R. Hanbury Brown and R. Q. Twiss, Correlation between photons in two coherent beams of light, Nature 177, 27 (1956).
  19. Y. Liu, C. Wu, X. Gu, Y. Kong, X. Yu, R. Ge, X. Cai, X. Qiang, J. Wu, X. Yang, and P. Xu, High-spectral-purity photon generation from a dual-interferometer-coupled silicon microring, Opt. Lett. 45, 73 (2020).
  20. V. D. Vaidya, B. Morrison, L. G. Helt, R. Shahrokshahi, D. H. Mahler, M. J. Collins, K. Tan, J. Lavoie, A. Repingon, M. Menotti, N. Quesada, R. C. Pooser, A. E. Lita, T. Gerrits, S. W. Nam, and Z. Vernon, Broadband quadrature-squeezed vacuum and nonclassical photon number correlations from a nanophotonic device, Sci. Adv. 6, eaba9186 (2020).
  21. F. Samara, N. Maring, A. Martin, A. S. Raja, T. J. Kippenberg, H. Zbinden, and R. Thew, Entanglement swapping between independent and asynchronous integrated photon-pair sources, Quantum Sci. Technol. 6, 045024 (2021).
  22. P. R. Tapster and J. G. Rarity, Photon statistics of pulsed parametric light, J. Mod. Opt. 45, 595 (1998).
  23. W. Mauerer, M. Avenhaus, W. Helwig, and C. Silberhorn, How colors influence numbers: Photon statistics of parametric down-conversion, Phys. Rev. A 80, 053815 (2009).
  24. B. Blauensteiner, I. Herbauts, S. Bettelli, A. Poppe, and H. Hübel, Photon bunching in parametric down-conversion with continuous-wave excitation, Phys. Rev. A 79, 063846 (2009).
  25. K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, S. Krapick, B. Brecht, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, H. Suche, W. Sohler, and C. Silberhorn, Direct generation of genuine single-longitudinal-mode narrowband photon pairs, New J. Phys. 17, 073039 (2015).
  26. K.-H. Luo, H. Herrmann, and C. Silberhorn, Temporal correlations of spectrally narrowband photon pair sources, Quantum Sci. Technol. 2, 024002 (2017).
  27. A. Christ, K. Laiho, A. Eckstein, K. N. Cassemiro, and C. Silberhorn, Probing multimode squeezing with correlation functions, New J. Phys. 13, 033027 (2011).
  28. X. Guo, C.-L. Zou, C. Schuck, H. Jung, R. Cheng, and H. X. Tang, Parametric down-conversion photon-pair source on a nanophotonic chip, Light Sci. Appl. 6, e16249 (2017).
  29. J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, P. Imany, O. D. Odele, D. E. Leaird, Z.-Y. Ou, M. Qi, and A. M. Weiner, Persistent energy–time entanglement covering multiple resonances of an on-chip biphoton frequency comb, Optica 4, 655 (2017).
  30. U. A. Javid, S. D. Rogers, A. Graf, and Q. Lin, Temporally Asymmetric Biphoton States in Cavity-Enhanced Optical Parametric Processes, Phys. Rev. Appl. 12, 054019 (2019).
  31. C. Cui, L. Zhang, and L. Fan, Photonic analog of Mollow triplet with on-chip photon-pair generation in dressed modes, Opt. Lett. 46, 4753 (2021).
  32. P. Kolchin, C. Belthangady, S. Du, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, Electro-Optic Modulation of Single Photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 103601 (2008).
  33. S. Sensarn, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, Observation of Nonlocal Modulation with Entangled Photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 163601 (2009).
  34. C. Belthangady, C.-S. Chuu, I. A. Yu, G. Y. Yin, J. M. Kahn, and S. E. Harris, Hiding Single Photons with Spread Spectrum Technology, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 223601 (2010).
  35. L. Olislager, J. Cussey, A. T. Nguyen, P. Emplit, S. Massar, J.-M. Merolla, and K. P. Huy, Frequency-bin entangled photons, Phys. Rev. A 82, 013804 (2010).
  36. C. Wang, M. Zhang, X. Chen, M. Bertrand, A. Shams-Ansari, S. Chandrasekhar, P. Winzer, and M. Lončar, Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages, Nature 562, 101 (2018).
  37. D. Zhu, L. Shao, M. Yu, R. Cheng, B. Desiatov, C. J. Xin, Y. Hu, J. Holzgrafe, S. Ghosh, A. Shams-Ansari, E. Puma, N. Sinclair, C. Reimer, M. Zhang, and M. Lončar, Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate, Adv. Opt. Photonics 13, 242 (2021).
  38. M. Karpiński, M. Jachura, L. J. Wright, and B. J. Smith, Bandwidth manipulation of quantum light by an electro-optic time lens, Nat. Photonics 11, 53 (2017).
  39. L. J. Wright, M. Karpiński, C. Söller, and B. J. Smith, Spectral Shearing of Quantum Light Pulses by Electro-Optic Phase Modulation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 023601 (2017).
  40. S. Mittal, V. V. Orre, A. Restelli, R. Salem, E. A. Goldschmidt, and M. Hafezi, Temporal and spectral manipulations of correlated photons using a time lens, Phys. Rev. A 96, 043807 (2017).
  41. S. E. Harris, Nonlocal modulation of entangled photons, Phys. Rev. A 78, 021807 (2008).
  42. C. Belthangady, S. Du, C.-S. Chuu, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, Modulation and measurement of time-energy entangled photons, Phys. Rev. A 80, 031803 (2009).
  43. J. M. Lukens, O. D. Odele, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, Electro-optic modulation for high-speed characterization of entangled photon pairs, Opt. Lett. 40, 5331 (2015).
  44. S. Seshadri, N. Lingaraju, H.-H. Lu, P. Imany, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, Nonlocal subpicosecond delay metrology using spectral quantum interference, Optica 9, 1339 (2022).
  45. C. Gohle, B. Stein, A. Schliesser, T. Udem, and T. W. Hänsch, Frequency Comb Vernier Spectroscopy for Broadband, High-Resolution, High-Sensitivity Absorption and Dispersion Spectra, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 263902 (2007).
  46. I. Coddington, N. Newbury, and W. Swann, Dual-comb spectroscopy, Optica 3, 414 (2016).
  47. B. Wang, Z. Yang, X. Zhang, and X. Yi, Vernier frequency division with dual-microresonator solitons, Nat. Commun. 11, 3975 (2020).
  48. A. D. Gomes, H. Bartelt, and O. Frazão, Optical vernier effect: Recent advances and developments, Laser Photonics Rev. 15, 2000588 (2021).
  49. J. Liu, E. Lucas, A. S. Raja, J. He, J. Riemensberger, R. N. Wang, M. Karpov, H. Guo, R. Bouchand, and T. J. Kippenberg, Photonic microwave generation in the X-and K-band using integrated soliton microcombs, Nat. Photonics 14, 486 (2020).
  50. J. Liu, G. Huang, R. N. Wang, J. He, A. S. Raja, T. Liu, N. J. Engelsen, and T. J. Kippenberg, High-yield, wafer-scale fabrication of ultralow-loss, dispersion-engineered silicon nitride photonic circuits, Nat. Commun. 12, 2236 (2021).
  51. Z. Vernon, M. Menotti, C. C. Tison, J. A. Steidle, M. L. Fanto, P. M. Thomas, S. F. Preble, A. M. Smith, P. M. Alsing, M. Liscidini, and J. E. Sipe, Truly unentangled photon pairs without spectral filtering, Opt. Lett. 42, 3638 (2017).
  52. A. M. Weiner, Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929 (2000).
  53. A. M. Weiner, Ultrafast optical pulse shaping: A tutorial review, Opt. Commun. 284, 3669 (2011).
  54. Z. Y. Ou, J.-K. Rhee, and L. J. Wang, Photon bunching and multiphoton interference in parametric down-conversion, Phys. Rev. A 60, 593 (1999).
  55. J. Chen, Z. H. Levine, J. Fan, and A. L. Migdall, Frequency-bin entangled comb of photon pairs from a Silicon-on-Insulator micro-resonator, Opt. Express 19, 1470 (2011).
  56. T. Yamazaki, R. Ikuta, T. Kobayashi, S. Miki, F. China, H. Terai, N. Imoto, and T. Yamamoto, Massive-mode polarization entangled biphoton frequency comb, Sci. Rep. 12, 8964 (2022).
  57. L. Zhang, C. Cui, J. Yan, Y. Guo, J. Wang, and L. Fan, On-chip parallel processing of quantum frequency combs for high-dimensional hyper-entanglement generation, ArXiv:2111.12784 (2021).
  58. J. B. Christensen, J. G. Koefoed, K. Rottwitt, and C. J. McKinstrie, Engineering spectrally unentangled photon pairs from nonlinear microring resonators by pump manipulation, Opt. Lett. 43, 859 (2018).
  59. B. M. Burridge, I. I. Faruque, J. G. Rarity, and J. Barreto, High spectro-temporal purity single-photons from silicon micro-racetrack resonators using a dual-pulse configuration, Opt. Lett. 45, 4048 (2020).
  60. H. Pike and M. Hercher, Basis for picosecond structure in mode-locked laser pulses, J. Appl. Phys. 41, 4562 (1970).
  61. E. P. Ippen and C. V. Shank, in Ultrashort Light Pulses: Picosecond Techniques and Applications, edited by S. L. Shapiro (Springer, 1984), p. 83.
  62. A. M. Weiner, Ultrafast Optics (Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2009).
  63. A. Pe’er, B. Dayan, A. A. Friesem, and Y. Silberberg, Temporal Shaping of Entangled Photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 073601 (2005).
  64. F. Boitier, A. Godard, E. Rosencher, and C. Fabre, Measuring photon bunching at ultrashort timescale by two-photon absorption in semiconductors, Nat. Phys. 5, 267 (2009).
  65. J. M. Lukens, A. Dezfooliyan, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, Demonstration of High-Order Dispersion Cancellation with an Ultrahigh-Efficiency Sum-Frequency Correlator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 193603 (2013).
  66. F. Boitier, A. Godard, N. Dubreuil, P. Delaye, C. Fabre, and E. Rosencher, Two-photon-counting interferometry, Phys. Rev. A 87, 013844 (2013).
  67. O. Kuzucu, F. N. C. Wong, S. Kurimura, and S. Tovstonog, Joint Temporal Density Measurements for Two-Photon State Characterization, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 153602 (2008).
  68. J.-P. W. MacLean, J. M. Donohue, and K. J. Resch, Direct Characterization of Ultrafast Energy-Time Entangled Photon Pairs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 053601 (2018).
  69. C. Joshi, B. M. Sparkes, A. Farsi, T. Gerrits, V. Verma, S. Ramelow, S. W. Nam, and A. L. Gaeta, Picosecond-resolution single-photon time lens for temporal mode quantum processing, Optica 9, 364 (2022).
  70. B. Korzh, et al., Demonstration of sub-3 ps temporal resolution with a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, Nat. Photonics 14, 250 (2020).
  71. Y.-P. Huang, J. B. Altepeter, and P. Kumar, Heralding single photons without spectral factorability, Phys. Rev. A 82, 043826 (2010).
  72. S. Du, Quantum-state purity of heralded single photons produced from frequency-anticorrelated biphotons, Phys. Rev. A 92, 043836 (2015).
  73. R. T. Thew, A. Acin, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, Bell-Type Test of Energy-Time Entangled Qutrits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 010503 (2004).
  74. P. Imany, O. D. Odele, J. A. Jaramillo-Villegas, D. E. Leaird, and A. M. Weiner, Characterization of coherent quantum frequency combs using electro-optic phase modulation, Phys. Rev. A 97, 013813 (2018).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 19, 034019– Published 7 March, 2023
  • Received 12 October 2022
  • Revised 20 December 2022
  • Accepted 2 February 2023
Article part of CHORUS
Crossmark - Check for updates button

© 2023 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation