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Optically accessible high-finesse millimeter-wave resonator for cavity quantum electrodynamics with atom arrays

Tony Zhang1,2, Michelle Wu1, Sam R. Cohen1, Lin Xin1,2, Debadri Das2,3, Kevin K.S. Multani1,2, Nolan Peard3, Anne-Marie Valente-Feliciano4, Paul B. Welander2 et al.

Amir H. Safavi-Naeini3, Emilio A. Nanni2, and Monika Schleier-Smith1,2,*

  • *Contact author: schleier@stanford.edu
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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, L041001 – Published 6 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4b8v-qdcj

Abstract

Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a powerful tool in quantum science, enabling preparation of nonclassical states of light and scalable entanglement of many atoms coupled to a single field mode. While the most coherent atom-photon interactions have been achieved using superconducting millimeter-wave cavities coupled to Rydberg atoms, these platforms so far lack the optical access required for trapping and addressing individual atomic qubits. We present a millimeter-wave Fabry-Pérot cavity with finesse 5.8(1)×107 at a temperature of 1 K providing generous transverse optical access (numerical aperture 0.56). Conflicting goals of strong atom-photon coupling and optical access motivate a near-confocal geometry. Close to confocality, however, postparaxial corrections to the cavity spectrum introduce unexpected degeneracies between transverse modes, leading to excess cavity loss. Modeling these corrections allows for tuning the cavity geometry to evade this loss, producing a high finesse that will enable cavity QED experiments with trapped atoms deep in the strong coupling regime.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, L041001– Published 6 October, 2025
  • Received 5 June 2025
  • Revised 25 August 2025
  • Accepted 28 August 2025
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