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Progress toward quantum-noise-limited interferometric measurements of optical nonlinearity in vacuum
Phys. Rev. A 114, 013519 – Published 22 July, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/h592-kkjm
Abstract
Quantum electrodynamics predicts that the vacuum must behave as a nonlinear optical medium: The vacuum optical index should increase when it is stressed by intense electromagnetic fields. The Deflection of Light by Light project aims to measure it by using intense and ultrashort laser pulses. The experiment uses a Sagnac interferometer to amplify the tiny deflection signal of a low-intensity probe pulse crossing the vacuum refractive-index gradient produced by an external high-intensity pump pulse. The measurement of the amplified signal by a CCD camera requires a high spatial resolution, which is limited by the ultimate quantum noise of the CCD. However, interferometric phase noise induced by the mechanical vibrations of the interferometer is also amplified and degrades spatial resolution. To overcome this, we propose a method named high-frequency phase noise suppression (HFPNS), based on the addition of a delayed replica (5 ns) of the probe pulse. The delayed pulse, which is not affected by the pump but is subject to the same vibration noise, enables offline subtraction of correlated phase noise. In this work, we present an experimental proof of concept on a prototype interferometer operating with a limited amplification factor , about ten times smaller than the required value of the final experiment. We have succeeded in reducing phase noise by a factor of 40, resulting in a residual noise level 2.3 times higher than the expected quantum noise. The residual noise is linked to delay-line instabilities and incident beam-pointing fluctuations present during these tests. This result validates HFPNS as a robust method for future quantum-noise-limited interferometric measurements of vacuum optical nonlinearity, though additional stabilization and higher interferometric amplification are still needed.
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