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Quantum error correction for an unresolvable spin ensemble

Harsh Sharma1,*, Himadri Shekhar Dhar1,2,†, and Hoi-Kwan Lau3,‡

  • *Contact author: harsh.sharma@iitb.ac.in
  • †Contact author: himadri.dhar@iitb.ac.in
  • ‡Contact author: kero_lau@sfu.ca
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Phys. Rev. A 114, 032414 – Published 8 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1fm4-32my

Abstract

Spin ensembles are promising quantum technological platforms, but their utility relies on the ability to perform quantum error correction (QEC) for decoherences in these systems. Typical QEC for ensembles requires addressing individually resolved qubits, but this is practically challenging in most realistic architectures. Here, we propose QEC schemes for unresolvable spin ensembles. By using degenerate superpositions of excited states, which are fundamentally mixed, we find codes that can protect against both individual and collective errors, including dephasing, decay, and pumping. We show how information recovery can be achieved with only collective measurement and control, and illustrate its applications in extending memory lifetime and loss-tolerant sensing.

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Phys. Rev. A 114, 032414– Published 8 September, 2026
  • Received 19 October 2024
  • Revised 18 June 2025
  • Accepted 12 August 2026
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