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Non-Equilibrium States in Helium II
Phys. Rev. 76, 417 – Published 1 August, 1949
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.76.417
Abstract
It is shown that second sound is thermodynamically possible only in the absence of thermal equilibrium between the superfluid and normal component of He II. The tendency of the assembly to drop back irreversibly to the state of internal equilibrium within a certain time of relaxation provides a consistent account of the observed limitations of superfluidity and heat conductivity in liquid helium. As a consequence it is to be expected that the times of relaxation calculated from heat conductivity measurements should be identical with those which can be derived from Pellam's direct attenuation measurements in second sound. This expectation is confirmed within the accuracy of available data.
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