We investigate the crust-core transition in neutron stars using both thermodynamic and dynamical descriptions of the instability. In the thermodynamic approach, the transition is identified through the vanishing of a generalized incompressibility coefficient signaling the onset of a bulk spinodal instability. In contrast, the dynamical approach based on the relativistic random-phase approximation (RPA) incorporates Coulomb screening and finite-size effects that determine the instability at finite wavelength. Using a family of covariant energy density functionals spanning a broad range of symmetry-energy slopes, we show that the dynamical treatment systematically predicts lower transition densities and pressures compared to the thermodynamic approach. We further demonstrate that the RPA instability develops at a characteristic length scale set by the competition among bulk, Coulomb, and surface effects. Most importantly, we show that these differences propagate directly into neutron-star observables. Because the thermodynamic approach predicts larger transition pressures, it generates thicker crusts and significantly larger crustal fractions of the stellar moment of inertia than the dynamical-RPA framework—with important implications for the interpretation of pulsar glitches and other crust-sensitive neutron-star observables.