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Nuclear drip line and the composition of supernova matter

S. Maity* and S. Mallik†

  • *Contact author: maity.s@vecc.gov.in
  • †Contact author: swagato@vecc.gov.in
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Phys. Rev. C 114, 025803 – Published 17 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/vm76-3bcj

Abstract

The nuclear drip line plays a crucial role in determining the composition of matter under extreme astrophysical conditions. In core-collapse supernovae and neutron-star crusts, matter is driven far from saturation density and nuclear stability; nuclei coexist with a sea of free neutrons, an effect that is present even at zero temperature in neutron-star crusts and becomes more pronounced in the hotter, neutron-rich supernova environment. This makes a careful treatment of drip-line physics essential for a realistic description of the equation of state and composition. In this work, the influence of the nuclear drip line on the baryonic composition of supernova matter is investigated within the framework of nuclear statistical equilibrium. The composition is evaluated in terms of free nucleons, light clusters, and heavy nuclei at finite temperature and global sub-saturation densities. The results indicate that, at low proton fractions and higher densities, the inclusion of nuclei beyond the drip line enhances the formation of extremely neutron-rich light clusters, leading to a significant reduction in the free-neutron density and the charge fraction of heavy nuclei. These findings demonstrate that drip-line physics has a significant impact on the composition of supernova matter and should be carefully incorporated in supernova modeling and nucleosynthesis studies.

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Phys. Rev. C 114, 025803– Published 17 August, 2026
  • Received 5 March 2026
  • Revised 1 June 2026
  • Accepted 24 July 2026
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