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Longitudinal dynamics of large and small systems from a 3D Bayesian calibration of RHIC top-energy collision data

A. Mankolli1,*, C. Shen2,3, M. Luzum4, J.-F. Paquet1, M. Singh1, J. Velkovska1, S. A. Bass5, C. Gale6, G. A. C. da Silva4 et al. (JETSCAPE Collaboration)

G. A. C. da Silva4, L. Du7,8,6, L. Kasper1, G. S. Rocha9,1, D. Soeder5, S. Tuo1, G. Vujanovic10, X. Wu6, W. Zhao7,8, M. Chartier11, Y. Chen1, R. Datta2, R. Dolan2, R. Ehlers7,8, H. Elfner12,13,14, R. J. Fries15,16, D. A. Hangal17,2, B. V. Jacak7,8, P. M. Jacobs7,8, S. Jeon6, Y. Ji18, F. Jonas7,8, M. Kordell, II15,16, A. Kumar10, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli1, J. Latessa19, Y.-J. Lee20,21, A. Majumder2, S. Mak18, C. Martin22, H. Mehryar19, T. Mengel22, C. Nattrass22, J. Norman11, M. Ockleton11, C. Parker15,16, J. H. Putschke2, H. Roch23,24, G. Roland20,21, B. Schenke25, L. Schwiebert19, A. Sengupta15,16, C. Sirimanna5, R. A. Soltz17,2, I. Soudi26, Y. Tachibana27, X.-N. Wang28,7,8, and J. Zhang1 (JETSCAPE Collaboration)

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
  • 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
  • 3RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
  • 4Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 66318, 05315-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
  • 5Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
  • 6Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
  • 7Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 8Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 9Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24210-346, Brazil
  • 10Department of Physics, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
  • 11Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  • 12GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
  • 13Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  • 14Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  • 15Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
  • 16Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
  • 17Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
  • 18Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
  • 19Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
  • 20Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 21Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 22Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
  • 23University of Jyväskylä, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
  • 24Helsinki Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
  • 25Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
  • 26Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
  • 27Akita International University, Yuwa, Akita-city 010-1292, Japan
  • 28Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China

  • *Contact author: andi.mankolli@vanderbilt.edu
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Phys. Rev. C 114, 014905 – Published 15 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7kjw-vfgp

Abstract

A comprehensive Bayesian analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of high-energy nuclear collisions is presented. We perform a systematic model-to-data comparison using simulations of large and small collision systems, and a broad range of measurements from the PHENIX, STAR, PHOBOS, and BRAHMS collaborations spanning nearly two decades of operations at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). In particular, we perform fully 3D multistage simulations including rapidity-dependent energy deposition with global energy conservation using the 3D Glauber model, along with relativistic viscous hydrodynamics with music. We calibrate the model on rapidity- and pT-differential observables and analyze the respective constraints on initial state and transport properties they provide. We emphasize the additional constraints provided by rapidity-dependent measurements, the differences in large and small system calibrations, and the tension exhibited by particular observables. We use our calibrated model to make predictions of observables in p-Au and He3-Au collisions. Furthermore, we facilitate direct comparison of experimental measurements by highlighting the dependence of flow measurements on the rapidity of the regions of interest and reference, as well as the importance of the centrality selection. In particular, we examine the apparent differences between the STAR and PHENIX v2 and v3 measurements in small systems.

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Phys. Rev. C 114, 014905– Published 15 July, 2026
  • Received 10 February 2026
  • Accepted 28 April 2026
Article part of CHORUS
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