Parity, Charge Conjugation, and Time Reversal in the Gravitational Interaction

J. Leitner; S. Okubo

doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.B1542

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Parity, Charge Conjugation, and Time Reversal in the Gravitational Interaction

J. Leitner

S. Okubo

Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York

Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

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Phys. Rev. 136, B1542 – Published 7 December, 1964

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.136.B1542

Abstract

Some consequences of possible violation of parity ( $P$ ), charge conjugation ( $C$ ), time reversal ( $T$ ), and $TCP$ invariance in the gravitation interaction are discussed and compared with existing experimental evidence. The evidence is suggestive of $TCP$ (or $CP$ or $C$ ) invariance, but one cannot rule out separate violation of $P$ , $C$ , and $T$ .

References (32)

K. Gotow and S. Okubo, Phys. Rev. 128, 1921 (1962)
J. Jackson, The Physics of Elementary Particles (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1958), Chap. 8-10
G. Lüders, Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab, Mat. Fys. Medd. 28, 5 (1954) W. Pauli, in Niels Bohr and the Development of Physics (Pergamon Press, Ltd., London, 1955) R. G. Sachs, Phys. Rev. 129, 2280 (1963)
M. Burgy, V. Krohn, T. Novey, G. Ringo, and V. Telegdi, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 324 (1958) J. Cronin and O. Overseth, Phys. Rev. 129, 1795 (1963) E. F. Beall, B. Cork, D. Keefe, P. Murphy, and W. Wentzel, Phys. Rev. Letters 8, 75 (1962) H. K. Ticko, Proceedings International Conference on Fundamental Aspects of Weak Interactions, Brookhaven National Laboratory p. 410, 1963 (unpublished)
H. K. Tickothe discussion of Pais at the Fifth Rochester Conference and of Gell-Mann and Schwinger at the Sixth Rochester Conference (unpublished)
M. Gell-Mann, California Institute of Technology, Internal Report CTSL-20 (unpublished) Phys. Rev. 125, 1067 (1962) Y. Ne'eman, Nucl. Phys. 26, 222 (1961)
S. Okubo, Progr. Theoret. Phys. (Kyoto) 27, 949 (1962)
V. Barnes, P. Connolly, D. Crennell, B. Culwick, W. Delaney et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 12, 204 (1964) G. Chew, M. Gell-Mann, and A. Rosenfeld, Sci. Am. 210, No. 2, 74 (1964)
Y. Ne'eman, Phys. Rev. 134, B1355 (1964)
S. N. Gupta, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 334 (1957)
T. D. Lee, R. Oehme, and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 106, 340 (1959)
T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 104, 254 (1956)
L. Eisenbud and E. P. Wigner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 27, 381 (1941) S. Okubo and R. F. Marshak, Ann. Phys. (Paris) 4, 166 (1958)
Omitted endnote
Omitted endnote
H. Bethe and Salpeter, Handbuch der Physik, edited by S. Flügge (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1959), Vol. 35, pp. 193-200
J. Jauch and F. Rohrlich, The Theory of Photons and Electrons (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, 1955), p. 360
Omitted endnote
[11,30]
P. Morrison and T. Gold, Essays on Gravity (Gravity Research Foundation, Boston, New Hampshire, 1957), p. 45
L. I. Schiff, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 254 (1958)
M. Good, Phys. Rev. 121, 311 (1961)
[10]
L. Okun and B. Pontecorvo, Zh. Eksperim. i Teor. Fiz. 32, 1587 (1957) [English transl.: Soviet Phys.—JETP 5, 1297 (1957)] M. Ferro-Luzzi et al., UCRL-10547 (unpublished)
Omitted endnote
R. H. Dicke, Sci. Am. 205, No. 6, 84 (1961)
F. Muller, R. Birge, W. Fowler, R. Good, W. Hirsch et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 418 (1960) W. F. Fry, Proceedings International Conference on Fundamental Aspects of Weak Interactions, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1963, p. 3 (unpublished)
D. Neagu et al., Proceedings of the 1960 Annual International Conference on High-Energy Physics at Rochester, edited by E. C. G. Sudarshan, J. H. Tinclot, and A. C. Melissious (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1960), p. 603
Good's [22]
K. Nishijima, Fundamental Particles (W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York, 1963), p. 329 ff
R. V. Pound and G. H. Rebka, Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 337 (1960)
S. S. Hanna, J. Heberle, C. Littlejohn, G. Perlow, R. Preston, and D. Vincent, Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 177 (1960)

[c1] K. Gotow and S. Okubo, Phys. Rev. 128, 1921 (1962)

[c2] J. Jackson, The Physics of Elementary Particles (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1958), Chap. 8-10

[c3] G. Lüders, Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab, Mat. Fys. Medd. 28, 5 (1954) W. Pauli, in Niels Bohr and the Development of Physics (Pergamon Press, Ltd., London, 1955) R. G. Sachs, Phys. Rev. 129, 2280 (1963)

[c4] M. Burgy, V. Krohn, T. Novey, G. Ringo, and V. Telegdi, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 324 (1958) J. Cronin and O. Overseth, Phys. Rev. 129, 1795 (1963) E. F. Beall, B. Cork, D. Keefe, P. Murphy, and W. Wentzel, Phys. Rev. Letters 8, 75 (1962) H. K. Ticko, Proceedings International Conference on Fundamental Aspects of Weak Interactions, Brookhaven National Laboratory p. 410, 1963 (unpublished)

[c5] H. K. Tickothe discussion of Pais at the Fifth Rochester Conference and of Gell-Mann and Schwinger at the Sixth Rochester Conference (unpublished)

[c6] M. Gell-Mann, California Institute of Technology, Internal Report CTSL-20 (unpublished) Phys. Rev. 125, 1067 (1962) Y. Ne'eman, Nucl. Phys. 26, 222 (1961)

[c7] S. Okubo, Progr. Theoret. Phys. (Kyoto) 27, 949 (1962)

[c8] V. Barnes, P. Connolly, D. Crennell, B. Culwick, W. Delaney et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 12, 204 (1964) G. Chew, M. Gell-Mann, and A. Rosenfeld, Sci. Am. 210, No. 2, 74 (1964)

[c9] Y. Ne'eman, Phys. Rev. 134, B1355 (1964)

[c10] S. N. Gupta, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 334 (1957)

[c11] T. D. Lee, R. Oehme, and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 106, 340 (1959)

[c12] T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 104, 254 (1956)

[c13] L. Eisenbud and E. P. Wigner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 27, 381 (1941) S. Okubo and R. F. Marshak, Ann. Phys. (Paris) 4, 166 (1958)

[c14] Omitted endnote

[c15] Omitted endnote

[c16] H. Bethe and Salpeter, Handbuch der Physik, edited by S. Flügge (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1959), Vol. 35, pp. 193-200

[c17] J. Jauch and F. Rohrlich, The Theory of Photons and Electrons (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, 1955), p. 360

[c18] Omitted endnote

[c19] [11,30]

[c20] P. Morrison and T. Gold, Essays on Gravity (Gravity Research Foundation, Boston, New Hampshire, 1957), p. 45

[c21] L. I. Schiff, Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 254 (1958)

[c22] M. Good, Phys. Rev. 121, 311 (1961)

[c23] [10]

[c24] L. Okun and B. Pontecorvo, Zh. Eksperim. i Teor. Fiz. 32, 1587 (1957) [English transl.: Soviet Phys.—JETP 5, 1297 (1957)] M. Ferro-Luzzi et al., UCRL-10547 (unpublished)

[c25] Omitted endnote

[c26] R. H. Dicke, Sci. Am. 205, No. 6, 84 (1961)

[c27] F. Muller, R. Birge, W. Fowler, R. Good, W. Hirsch et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 418 (1960) W. F. Fry, Proceedings International Conference on Fundamental Aspects of Weak Interactions, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1963, p. 3 (unpublished)

[c28] D. Neagu et al., Proceedings of the 1960 Annual International Conference on High-Energy Physics at Rochester, edited by E. C. G. Sudarshan, J. H. Tinclot, and A. C. Melissious (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1960), p. 603

[c29] Good's [22]

[c30] K. Nishijima, Fundamental Particles (W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York, 1963), p. 329 ff

[c31] R. V. Pound and G. H. Rebka, Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 337 (1960)

[c32] S. S. Hanna, J. Heberle, C. Littlejohn, G. Perlow, R. Preston, and D. Vincent, Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 177 (1960)

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Parity, Charge Conjugation, and Time Reversal in the Gravitational Interaction

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