Precision Evaluation of the High-Frequency Limit of the Continuous X-Ray Spectrum Using a Gas Target X-Ray Tube

Jon J. Spijkerman; J. A. Bearden

doi:10.1103/PhysRev.134.A871

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Precision Evaluation of the High-Frequency Limit of the Continuous X-Ray Spectrum Using a Gas Target X-Ray Tube

Jon J. Spijkerman^* and J. A. Bearden

Department of Physics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

^*Present address: National Bureau of Standards, Section 2.4, Washington, D. C. 20234.

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Phys. Rev. 134, A871 – Published 18 May, 1964

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.134.A871

Abstract

The major uncertainty in previous measurements of the high-frequency limit of the continuous x-ray spectrum was due to the fine structure associated with the observed cutoff. The development of a high-power mercury vapor target x-ray tube permitted observations to be made under idealized thin-target conditions. The x-ray intensity near the high-frequency limit was comparable to that of a solid target x-ray tube. The x-ray intensity was measured as a function of the voltage applied across the tube, with a double-crystal monochromator adjusted for the 1.537400 kxu wavelength of the Cu $K α_{1}$ line. The absence of fine structure in the observed isochromat, in contrast to most solid targets, greatly increased the accuracy in the determination of the voltage cutoff. Accurate measurements of this voltage yielded a voltage-wavelength conversion factor $V λ_{s} = (12372.26 \pm 23 ppm)$ xu-volts. Using $\frac{h}{e}$ from non-x-ray data, the x-ray wavelength conversion factor from x units to cm (or angstroms) can be calculated, or conversely $\frac{h}{e}$ evaluated. The effects of a revision in the Cu $K α_{1}$ wavelength, which is now in publication by one of the authors, are also discussed.

References (37)

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[c1] J. A. Bearden and G. Schwarz, Phys. Rev. 79, 674 (1950)

[c2] J. A. Bearden, F. T. Johnson, and H. M. Watts, Phys. Rev. 81, 70 (1951)

[c3] G. N. Felt, J. N. Harris, and J. W. M. DuMond, Phys. Rev. 92, 1160 (1953)

[c4] J. A. Bearden and J. S. Thomsen, Suppl. Nuovo Cimento 5, 267-360 (1957) Am. J. Phys. 27, 569 (1959)

[c5] J. W. M. DuMond and E. R. Cohen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 25, 691 (1953) E. R. Cohen, J. W. M. DuMond, T. W. Layton, and J. S. Rollett, ibid. 27, 363 (1955)

[c6] F. T. Johnson, dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 1952 (unpublished)

[c7] P. Johansson, Arkiv Fysik 18, 329 (1960)

[c8] K. Ulmer, Z. Physik 159, 443 (1960) ibid.162, 254 (1961) Phys. Rev. Letters 3, 514 (1959)

[c9] L. Marton, L. B. Leder, and H. Mendlowitz, Advan. Electron. Electron Phys. 7, 183 (1955)

[c10] W. Duane, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U. S.) 13, 662 (1927) ibid.14, 450 (1928)

[c11] A. Sommerfeld, Ann. Physik 11, 257 (1931)

[c12] J. W. M. DuMond and V. L. Bollman, Phys. Rev. 51, 412 (1937)

[c13] D. L. Webster, Phys. Rev. 9, 220 (1917)

[c14] W. W. Nicholas, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std. 2, 837 (1929)

[c15] J. R. Pierce, Theory and Design of Electron Beams (D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, 1954), p. 152 ff

[c16] R. Levi, J. Appl. Phys. 26, 639 (1955)

[c17] B. H. Wadia, J. Electron. Control 6, 307 (1959)

[c18] J. J. Spijkerman, dissertation, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 1962, p. 12 (unpublished)

[c19] C. L. Conner, Electronics 35, 52 (1962)

[c20] A. H. Compton and S. K. Allison, X-Rays in Theory and Experiment (D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, 1954), 2nd ed., pp. 709-740

[c21] J. A. Bearden and C. H. Shaw, Phys. Rev. 48, 18 (1935)

[c22] J. G. Marzolf, S. J., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 8, 313 (1963)

[c23] A. Henins and J. A. Bearden, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 8, 313 (1963)

[c24] A. Sommerfeld, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U. S.) 15, 393 (1929)

[c25] E. P. Wigner, Phys. Rev. 73, 1002 (1948)

[c26] Wayne B. Nottingham, in Encyclopedia of Physics, edited by S. Flügge (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1957), Vol. 21, p. 42

[c27] S. C. Brown, Basic Data of Plasma Physics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959), p. 14

[c28] W. M. Hickam, Phys. Rev. 95, 704 (1954)

[c29] O. Klemperer, Electron Optics (Cambridge University Press, London, 1953), p. 210

[c30] E. G. Linder and K. G. Hernqvist, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1088 (1950)

[c31] R. L. Driscoll and R. D. Cutkosky, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Std. 60, 297 (1958)

[c32] R. L. DriscollR. D. CutkoskyNatl. Bur. Std. Tech. News Bull. 47, 175 (1963)

[c33] J. W. M. DuMond and E. R. Cohen, Phys. Rev. 103, 1583 (1956)

[c34] Folke Tyrén, dissertation, Uppsala, 1940 (unpublished)

[c35] R. T. Birge, Am. J. Phys. 13, 63 (1945)

[c36] J. A. Bearden, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 7, 339 (1962)

[c37] J. A. Bearden, A. Henins, J. G. Marzolf, W. C. Sauder, and J. S. Thomsen (to be published)

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Precision Evaluation of the High-Frequency Limit of the Continuous X-Ray Spectrum Using a Gas Target X-Ray Tube

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